Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14700 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-R9HW-26CP-8HVR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-12 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:03
VLAI
Details

In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-33890"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-12T09:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9hw-26cp-8hvr",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:03:21Z",
  "published": "2023-07-12T09:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1676902764208259073"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9M5-FCW8-68F6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-03-20 12:32
VLAI
Details

In lunary-ai/lunary version 1.4.28, the /checklists/:id route allows low-privilege users to modify checklists by sending a PATCH request. The route lacks proper access control, such as middleware to ensure that only authorized users (e.g., project owners or admins) can modify checklist data. This vulnerability allows any user associated with the project, regardless of their role, to modify checklists, including changing the slug or data fields, which can lead to tampering with essential project workflows, altering business logic, and introducing errors that undermine integrity.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-9096"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-285",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:46Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In lunary-ai/lunary version 1.4.28, the /checklists/:id route allows low-privilege users to modify checklists by sending a PATCH request. The route lacks proper access control, such as middleware to ensure that only authorized users (e.g., project owners or admins) can modify checklist data. This vulnerability allows any user associated with the project, regardless of their role, to modify checklists, including changing the slug or data fields, which can lead to tampering with essential project workflows, altering business logic, and introducing errors that undermine integrity.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9m5-fcw8-68f6",
  "modified": "2025-03-20T12:32:50Z",
  "published": "2025-03-20T12:32:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-9096"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/lunary-ai/lunary/commit/a8d7b2959e87c30fbafdb12af7ffa093385dcc60"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/653e7109-4c21-4e33-b636-7598d3202b9a"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9M6-M627-3WFV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-08 12:30 – Updated: 2024-10-08 12:30
VLAI
Details

The Photo Gallery, Images, Slider in Rbs Image Gallery plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the ajaxGetGalleryJson() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.2.21. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to retrieve private post titles.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8431"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-08T12:15:02Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Photo Gallery, Images, Slider in Rbs Image Gallery plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the ajaxGetGalleryJson() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.2.21. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to retrieve private post titles.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9m6-m627-3wfv",
  "modified": "2024-10-08T12:30:22Z",
  "published": "2024-10-08T12:30:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8431"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/robo-gallery/tags/3.2.21/includes/extensions/block/src/init.php#L105"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3162670/robo-gallery/trunk/includes/extensions/block/src/init.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/632c0a1a-6ac2-44c3-b66c-44fa4cf05b2d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9PC-M5V5-X22J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-19 15:30 – Updated: 2024-06-19 15:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Paid Memberships Pro.This issue affects Paid Memberships Pro: from n/a through 1.2.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-39990"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-19T13:15:54Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Paid Memberships Pro.This issue affects Paid Memberships Pro: from n/a through 1.2.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9pc-m5v5-x22j",
  "modified": "2024-06-19T15:30:52Z",
  "published": "2024-06-19T15:30:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39990"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/pmpro-courses/wordpress-paid-memberships-pro-courses-for-membership-add-on-plugin-1-2-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9R4-X4GJ-8846

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-07 03:31 – Updated: 2024-06-07 03:31
VLAI
Details

The WooCommerce Tools plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the woocommerce_tool_toggle_module() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to deactivate arbitrary plugin modules.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1689"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-07T02:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WooCommerce Tools plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the woocommerce_tool_toggle_module() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to deactivate arbitrary plugin modules.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9r4-x4gj-8846",
  "modified": "2024-06-07T03:31:07Z",
  "published": "2024-06-07T03:31:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1689"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woo-tools/trunk/admin/admin-init.php#L61"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3098165%40woo-tools\u0026new=3098165%40woo-tools\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/3830c901-be36-4c4b-976b-d388b6af0c67?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9VG-QVPJ-R6FQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Elementor Elementor Website Builder elementor allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Elementor Website Builder: from n/a through <= 3.33.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-67588"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:18:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Elementor Elementor Website Builder elementor allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Elementor Website Builder: from n/a through \u003c= 3.33.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9vg-qvpj-r6fq",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:12Z",
  "published": "2025-12-09T18:30:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67588"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/elementor/vulnerability/wordpress-elementor-website-builder-plugin-3-33-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/elementor/vulnerability/wordpress-elementor-website-builder-plugin-3-33-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9VJ-M6Q6-FGW4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-12 15:30 – Updated: 2024-08-12 15:30
VLAI
Details

The Opal Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.4 via the private notes functionality on payments which utilizes WordPress comments. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to view private notes via recent comments that should be restricted to just administrators.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-7648"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-12T13:38:48Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Opal Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.2.4 via the private notes functionality on payments which utilizes WordPress comments. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to view private notes via recent comments that should be restricted to just administrators.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9vj-m6q6-fgw4",
  "modified": "2024-08-12T15:30:53Z",
  "published": "2024-08-12T15:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7648"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/opal-membership/trunk/inc/class-opalmembership-ajax.php#L128"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/opal-membership/trunk/inc/mixes-functions.php#L154"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d3098565-d037-4a31-af3c-00e8b93b922e?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-R9X9-FWPC-8MMV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-11 18:31 – Updated: 2024-11-21 21:33
VLAI
Details

In multiple functions of healthconnect, there is a possible leakage of exercise route data due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-0052"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-11T17:15:45Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "In multiple functions of healthconnect, there is a possible leakage of exercise route data due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-r9x9-fwpc-8mmv",
  "modified": "2024-11-21T21:33:30Z",
  "published": "2024-03-11T18:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0052"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/HealthFitness/+/178f4824574fdf33ed4ac584d092240d1c771b04"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2024-03-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RC2G-X9X4-6PM2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in QuadLayers WP Social Feed Gallery allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Social Feed Gallery: from n/a through 4.3.9.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39640"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in QuadLayers WP Social Feed Gallery allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Social Feed Gallery: from n/a through 4.3.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-rc2g-x9x4-6pm2",
  "modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:58Z",
  "published": "2024-11-01T15:31:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39640"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/insta-gallery/wordpress-social-feed-gallery-plugin-4-3-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RC42-6C7J-7H5R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-28 09:31 – Updated: 2025-05-17 00:30
VLAI
Summary
Spring Boot EndpointRequest.to() creates wrong matcher if actuator endpoint is not exposed
Details

EndpointRequest.to() creates a matcher for null/** if the actuator endpoint, for which the EndpointRequest has been created, is disabled or not exposed.

Your application may be affected by this if all the following conditions are met:

  • You use Spring Security
  • EndpointRequest.to() has been used in a Spring Security chain configuration
  • The endpoint which EndpointRequest references is disabled or not exposed via web
  • Your application handles requests to /null and this path needs protection

You are not affected if any of the following is true:

  • You don't use Spring Security
  • You don't use EndpointRequest.to()
  • The endpoint which EndpointRequest.to() refers to is enabled and is exposed
  • Your application does not handle requests to /null or this path does not need protection
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "2.7.24.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.1.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.1.15.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.2.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.2.13.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.3.10"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.3.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.11"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.4.4"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.4.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-22235"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-28T20:59:16Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-28T08:15:15Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "EndpointRequest.to()\u00a0creates a matcher for null/**\u00a0if the actuator endpoint, for which the EndpointRequest\u00a0has been created, is disabled or not exposed.\n\nYour application may be affected by this if all the following conditions are met:\n\n  *  You use Spring Security\n  *  EndpointRequest.to()\u00a0has been used in a Spring Security chain configuration\n  *  The endpoint which EndpointRequest\u00a0references is disabled or not exposed via web\n  *  Your application handles requests to /null\u00a0and this path needs protection\n\n\nYou are not affected if any of the following is true:\n\n  *  You don\u0027t use Spring Security\n  *  You don\u0027t use EndpointRequest.to()\n  *  The endpoint which EndpointRequest.to()\u00a0refers to is enabled and is exposed\n  *  Your application does not handle requests to /null\u00a0or this path does not need protection",
  "id": "GHSA-rc42-6c7j-7h5r",
  "modified": "2025-05-17T00:30:25Z",
  "published": "2025-04-28T09:31:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22235"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250516-0010"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2025-22235"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Spring Boot EndpointRequest.to() creates wrong matcher if actuator endpoint is not exposed"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.