Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14805 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-V2JX-863W-H6G6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-26 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-26 15:32
VLAI
Details

newsletters_subscribers Broken Access Control in Newsletters <= 4.13 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-57645"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-26T15:16:52Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "newsletters_subscribers Broken Access Control in Newsletters \u003c= 4.13 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2jx-863w-h6g6",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T15:32:18Z",
  "published": "2026-06-26T15:32:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57645"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/newsletters-lite/vulnerability/wordpress-newsletters-plugin-4-13-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2P6-VVRH-9HW7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-28 12:30 – Updated: 2023-11-08 03:30
VLAI
Details

The Post Meta Data Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the pmdm_wp_delete_user_meta, pmdm_wp_delete_term_meta, and pmdm_wp_ajax_delete_meta functions in versions up to, and including, 1.2.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete user, term, and post meta belonging to arbitrary users.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5426"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-10-28T12:15:38Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Post Meta Data Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the pmdm_wp_delete_user_meta,  pmdm_wp_delete_term_meta, and pmdm_wp_ajax_delete_meta functions in versions up to, and including, 1.2.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete user, term, and post meta belonging to arbitrary users.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2p6-vvrh-9hw7",
  "modified": "2023-11-08T03:30:31Z",
  "published": "2023-10-28T12:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5426"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/2981559/post-meta-data-manager"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d6a7f882-4582-4b08-9597-329d140ad782?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2Q3-J5HX-299F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in JS Help Desk JS Help Desk – Best Help Desk & Support Plugin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects JS Help Desk – Best Help Desk & Support Plugin: from n/a through 2.7.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-46838"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:09Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in JS Help Desk JS Help Desk \u2013 Best Help Desk \u0026 Support Plugin allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects JS Help Desk \u2013 Best Help Desk \u0026 Support Plugin: from n/a through 2.7.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2q3-j5hx-299f",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
  "published": "2024-12-13T15:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46838"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/js-support-ticket/vulnerability/wordpress-js-help-desk-plugin-2-7-1-unauthenticated-settings-change-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2RH-4Q2F-GM6V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-31 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Solwininfotech Trash Duplicate and 301 Redirect allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Trash Duplicate and 301 Redirect: from n/a through 1.9.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62122"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-31T16:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Solwininfotech Trash Duplicate and 301 Redirect allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Trash Duplicate and 301 Redirect: from n/a through 1.9.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2rh-4q2f-gm6v",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:28Z",
  "published": "2025-12-31T18:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62122"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/trash-duplicate-and-301-redirect/vulnerability/wordpress-trash-duplicate-and-301-redirect-plugin-1-9-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/trash-duplicate-and-301-redirect/vulnerability/wordpress-trash-duplicate-and-301-redirect-plugin-1-9-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2RM-FXFJ-QW78

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-06 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Elastic Email Elastic Email Subscribe Form allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Elastic Email Subscribe Form: from n/a through 1.2.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-28985"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-06T13:15:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Elastic Email Elastic Email Subscribe Form allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Elastic Email Subscribe Form: from n/a through 1.2.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2rm-fxfj-qw78",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:18Z",
  "published": "2025-06-06T15:30:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-28985"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/elastic-email-subscribe-form/vulnerability/wordpress-elastic-email-subscribe-form-1-2-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2V2-F783-358J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-31 23:50 – Updated: 2026-04-06 17:34
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: Zalo channel downloads media before sender authorization
Details

Summary

The Zalo image path fetched and stored inbound media before the DM/pairing authorization checks ran.

Impact

Unauthorized senders could force network fetches and disk writes in the inbound media store even when the message itself was rejected.

Affected Component

extensions/zalo/src/monitor.ts

Fixed Versions

  • Affected: <= 2026.3.24
  • Patched: >= 2026.3.28
  • Latest stable 2026.3.28 contains the fix.

Fix

Fixed by commit 68ceaf7a5f (zalo: gate image downloads before DM auth).

OpenClaw thanks @AntAISecurityLab for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.3.24"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.3.28"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33576"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-31T23:50:44Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-31T15:16:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe Zalo image path fetched and stored inbound media before the DM/pairing authorization checks ran.\n\n## Impact\n\nUnauthorized senders could force network fetches and disk writes in the inbound media store even when the message itself was rejected.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n`extensions/zalo/src/monitor.ts`\n\n## Fixed Versions\n\n- Affected: `\u003c= 2026.3.24`\n- Patched: `\u003e= 2026.3.28`\n- Latest stable `2026.3.28` contains the fix.\n\n## Fix\n\nFixed by commit `68ceaf7a5f` (`zalo: gate image downloads before DM auth`).\n\nOpenClaw thanks @AntAISecurityLab for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2v2-f783-358j",
  "modified": "2026-04-06T17:34:34Z",
  "published": "2026-03-31T23:50:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-v2v2-f783-358j"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33576"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/68ceaf7a5f64a23e78b95eff055e4b497218312a"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-unauthorized-media-download-via-zalo-channel"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: Zalo channel downloads media before sender authorization"
}

GHSA-V2V7-46GC-C2GH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-28 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:15
VLAI
Details

In requestAppKeyboardShortcuts of WindowManagerService.java, there is a possible way to infer the app a user is interacting with due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-273906410

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-21177"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-06-28T18:15:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In requestAppKeyboardShortcuts of WindowManagerService.java, there is a possible way to infer the app a user is interacting with due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-273906410",
  "id": "GHSA-v2v7-46gc-c2gh",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T05:15:07Z",
  "published": "2023-06-28T18:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21177"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2023-06-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2W8-R4GC-FV4C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:45 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:32
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the Start Before Logon (SBL) module of Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client Software for Windows could allow an unauthenticated, local attacker to open Internet Explorer with the privileges of the SYSTEM user. The vulnerability is due to insufficient implementation of the access controls. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by opening the Internet Explorer browser. An exploit could allow the attacker to use Internet Explorer with the privileges of the SYSTEM user. This may allow the attacker to execute privileged commands on the targeted system. This vulnerability affects versions prior to released versions 4.4.00243 and later and 4.3.05017 and later. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvc43976.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-3813"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-02-09T17:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the Start Before Logon (SBL) module of Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client Software for Windows could allow an unauthenticated, local attacker to open Internet Explorer with the privileges of the SYSTEM user. The vulnerability is due to insufficient implementation of the access controls. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by opening the Internet Explorer browser. An exploit could allow the attacker to use Internet Explorer with the privileges of the SYSTEM user. This may allow the attacker to execute privileged commands on the targeted system. This vulnerability affects versions prior to released versions 4.4.00243 and later and 4.3.05017 and later. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvc43976.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2w8-r4gc-fv4c",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:32:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:45:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-3813"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20170208-anyconnect"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41476"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96145"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1037796"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2W9-CQF4-GVP2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-14 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-14 09:31
VLAI
Details

The User Registration & Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.5. This is due to the is_admin_creation_process() method relying solely on the presence of action=createuser in the $_REQUEST superglobal without performing any authentication or capability check. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to bypass the admin approval requirement when registering new accounts via the fallback submission path.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6145"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-14T09:16:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The User Registration \u0026 Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.5. This is due to the is_admin_creation_process() method relying solely on the presence of action=createuser in the $_REQUEST superglobal without performing any authentication or capability check. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to bypass the admin approval requirement when registering new accounts via the fallback submission path.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2w9-cqf4-gvp2",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T09:31:29Z",
  "published": "2026-05-14T09:31:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6145"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3516468/user-registration/trunk/includes/class-ur-user-approval.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/b6b349f2-24c9-4921-bb5f-a7726ebc5c2a?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V2X8-7QJ6-PC6F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 06:30 – Updated: 2025-05-07 06:30
VLAI
Details

The Login Lockdown & Protection plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized nonce access due to a missing capability check on the ajax_run_tool function in all versions up to, and including, 2.11. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to obtain a valid nonce that can be used to generate a global unlock key, which can in turn be used to add arbitrary IP address to the plugin allowlist. This can only by exploited on new installations where the site administrator hasn't visited the loginlockdown page yet.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-3766"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T05:15:48Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Login Lockdown \u0026 Protection plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized nonce access due to a missing capability check on the ajax_run_tool function in all versions up to, and including, 2.11. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to obtain a valid nonce that can be used to generate a global unlock key, which can in turn be used to add arbitrary IP address to the plugin allowlist. This can only by exploited on new installations where the site administrator hasn\u0027t visited the loginlockdown page yet.",
  "id": "GHSA-v2x8-7qj6-pc6f",
  "modified": "2025-05-07T06:30:33Z",
  "published": "2025-05-07T06:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3766"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/login-lockdown/trunk/libs/ajax.php#L17"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3286814/login-lockdown"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ac9a3848-f486-475b-b2c7-ea1007bb30d3?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.