Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14558 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-XFRW-PCMC-R2P3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2023-10-27 14:11
VLAI
Summary
Missing permission checks in Jenkins OWASP Dependency-Track Plugin allow capturing credentials
Details

Jenkins OWASP Dependency-Track Plugin 3.1.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.

This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified URL using attacker-specified credentials IDs obtained through another method, capturing \"Secret text\" credentials stored in Jenkins. If no credentials ID is specified, the globally configured credential is used, if set up, and can likewise be captured.

Jenkins OWASP Dependency-Track Plugin 3.1.1 requires appropriate permissions for the affected HTTP endpoints.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.1.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:dependency-track"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-21632"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-15T17:25:38Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-30T12:16:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Jenkins OWASP Dependency-Track Plugin 3.1.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.\n\nThis allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified URL using attacker-specified credentials IDs obtained through another method, capturing \\\"Secret text\\\" credentials stored in Jenkins. If no credentials ID is specified, the globally configured credential is used, if set up, and can likewise be captured.\n\nJenkins OWASP Dependency-Track Plugin 3.1.1 requires appropriate permissions for the affected HTTP endpoints.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfrw-pcmc-r2p3",
  "modified": "2023-10-27T14:11:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:45:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21632"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/dependency-track-plugin/commit/70e7b82ad9a10499e628998a0bcb57c1481c66bc"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/dependency-track-plugin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2021-03-30/#SECURITY-2250"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/03/30/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Missing permission checks in Jenkins OWASP Dependency-Track Plugin allow capturing credentials"
}

GHSA-XFV3-PV72-95Q6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-20 06:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 06:30
VLAI
Details

The LearnPress – WordPress LMS Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in versions up to, and including, 4.3.2.4 via the get_item_permissions_check function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including user first names and last names. Other information such as social profile links and enrollment are also included.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-14798"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-20T04:15:57Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The LearnPress \u2013 WordPress LMS Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in versions up to, and including, 4.3.2.4 via the get_item_permissions_check function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including user first names and last names. Other information such as social profile links and enrollment are also included.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfv3-pv72-95q6",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T06:30:25Z",
  "published": "2026-01-20T06:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14798"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/learnpress/tags/4.3.2.1/inc/jwt/rest-api/version1/class-lp-rest-users-v1-controller.php#L134"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/learnpress/tags/4.3.2.1/inc/jwt/rest-api/version1/class-lp-rest-users-v1-controller.php#L35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/6fb00ce4-aa82-4479-b7f6-79e7bde098c1?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFV7-F3M9-5H58

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-20 00:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in madalin.ungureanu Client Portal client-portal allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Client Portal: from n/a through <= 1.2.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25003"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T09:16:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in madalin.ungureanu Client Portal client-portal allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Client Portal: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfv7-f3m9-5h58",
  "modified": "2026-02-20T00:31:52Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T18:31:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/client-portal/vulnerability/wordpress-client-portal-plugin-1-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFVJ-486F-62WR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2022-07-11 00:00
VLAI
Details

Jact OpenClinic 0.8.20160412 allows the attacker to read server files after login to the the admin account by an infected 'file' GET parameter in '/shared/view_source.php' which "could" lead to RCE vulnerability .

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-20444"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-06-16T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Jact OpenClinic 0.8.20160412 allows the attacker to read server files after login to the the admin account by an infected \u0027file\u0027 GET parameter in \u0027/shared/view_source.php\u0027 which \"could\" lead to RCE vulnerability .",
  "id": "GHSA-xfvj-486f-62wr",
  "modified": "2022-07-11T00:00:21Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:05:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-20444"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jact/openclinic/issues/8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/23.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFVJ-847P-H98Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-12 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:02
VLAI
Details

In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-30932"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-12T09:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfvj-847p-h98q",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:02:48Z",
  "published": "2023-07-12T09:30:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30932"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1676902764208259073"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFWJ-2F34-32F5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:15 – Updated: 2022-12-06 21:53
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins Groovy Plugin sandbox bypass vulnerability
Details

A sandbox bypass vulnerability exists in Jenkins Groovy Plugin 2.0 and earlier in src/main/java/hudson/plugins/groovy/StringScriptSource.java that allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to provide a Groovy script to an HTTP endpoint that can result in arbitrary code execution on the Jenkins master JVM. In version 2.1, the affected HTTP endpoint applies a safe Groovy compiler configuration preventing the use of unsafe AST transforming annotations.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:groovy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-1003006"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-06T21:53:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-02-06T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A sandbox bypass vulnerability exists in Jenkins Groovy Plugin 2.0 and earlier in `src/main/java/hudson/plugins/groovy/StringScriptSource.java` that allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to provide a Groovy script to an HTTP endpoint that can result in arbitrary code execution on the Jenkins master JVM. In version 2.1, the affected HTTP endpoint applies a safe Groovy compiler configuration preventing the use of unsafe AST transforming annotations.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfwj-2f34-32f5",
  "modified": "2022-12-06T21:53:42Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:15:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1003006"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/groovy-plugin/commit/212e048a319ae32dad4cfec5e73a885a9f4781f0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-01-28/#SECURITY-1293"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Jenkins Groovy Plugin sandbox bypass vulnerability"
}

GHSA-XFWM-9JHJ-MJG4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-12 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:03
VLAI
Details

In music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-33879"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-12T09:15:12Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "In music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfwm-9jhj-mjg4",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:03:05Z",
  "published": "2023-07-12T09:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33879"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1676902764208259073"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFX4-JRPQ-PVCP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-25 18:30 – Updated: 2026-06-25 21:31
VLAI
Details

The K2 frontend item.checkin task accepts an unauthenticated sigProFolder query parameter and uses it directly to address a JFolder::delete() call under /media/k2/galleries/

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-48941"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-25T16:16:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The K2 frontend `item.checkin` task accepts an unauthenticated `sigProFolder` query parameter and uses it directly to address a `JFolder::delete()` call under `/media/k2/galleries/`",
  "id": "GHSA-xfx4-jrpq-pvcp",
  "modified": "2026-06-25T21:31:29Z",
  "published": "2026-06-25T18:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48941"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.getk2.org"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFX8-39W8-9G2H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-10 09:31 – Updated: 2026-07-10 09:31
VLAI
Details

The Easy Appointments plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 3.12.27. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with author-level access and above, to cancel all upcoming appointments site-wide by marking every future appointment stored by the plugin as abandoned. The nonce required to authenticate the cancellation request is printed on the Appointments admin page, which is itself gated only by the edit_posts capability that Authors possess, making the nonce readily accessible to low-privileged users.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-11992"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-10T09:16:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Easy Appointments plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 3.12.27. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with author-level access and above, to cancel all upcoming appointments site-wide by marking every future appointment stored by the plugin as abandoned. The nonce required to authenticate the cancellation request is printed on the Appointments admin page, which is itself gated only by the edit_posts capability that Authors possess, making the nonce readily accessible to low-privileged users.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfx8-39w8-9g2h",
  "modified": "2026-07-10T09:31:38Z",
  "published": "2026-07-10T09:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11992"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.24.1/src/ajax.php#L180"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.24.1/src/ajax.php#L563"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.24.1/src/ajax.php#L619"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.24.1/src/templates/appointments.tpl.php#L302"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.25/src/ajax.php#L180"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.25/src/ajax.php#L563"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.25/src/ajax.php#L619"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/easy-appointments/tags/3.12.25/src/templates/appointments.tpl.php#L302"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/eea33d0b-2547-4c51-8c4c-d178d6c8502d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFXJ-HHHX-9JV8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-24 09:30 – Updated: 2026-01-24 09:30
VLAI
Details

The AIKTP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to missing authorization checks on the /aiktp/getToken REST API endpoint in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.04. The endpoint uses the 'verify_user_logged_in' as a permission callback, which only checks if a user is logged in, but fails to verify if the user has administrative capabilities. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Subscriber-level access and above to retrieve the administrator's 'aiktpz_token' access token, which can then be used to create posts, upload media library files, and access private content as the administrator.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-1103"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-24T08:16:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The AIKTP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to missing authorization checks on the /aiktp/getToken REST API endpoint in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.04. The endpoint uses the \u0027verify_user_logged_in\u0027 as a permission callback, which only checks if a user is logged in, but fails to verify if the user has administrative capabilities. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Subscriber-level access and above to retrieve the administrator\u0027s \u0027aiktpz_token\u0027 access token, which can then be used to create posts, upload media library files, and access private content as the administrator.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfxj-hhhx-9jv8",
  "modified": "2026-01-24T09:30:27Z",
  "published": "2026-01-24T09:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1103"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/aiktp/tags/5.0.04/includes/aiktp-sync.php#L123"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/aiktp/tags/5.0.04/includes/aiktp-sync.php#L143"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3445248%40aiktp\u0026new=3445248%40aiktp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/84846d95-792d-4569-b0eb-876d82d0beee?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.