CWE-88
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
551 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3QVJ-Q9MH-GV5X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-08 21:30 – Updated: 2025-06-08 21:30The Quantenna Wi-Fi chipset ships with a local control script, router_command.sh (in the put_file_to_qtn argument), that is vulnerable to command injection. This is an instance of CWE-88, "Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')," and is estimated as a CVSS 7.7 ( CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N) https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3-1#CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N) . This issue affects Quantenna Wi-Fi chipset through version 8.0.0.28 of the latest SDK, and appears to be unpatched at the time of this CVE record's first publishing, though the vendor has released a best practices guide for implementors of this chipset.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32456"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-08T21:15:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Quantenna Wi-Fi chipset ships with a local control script, router_command.sh (in the put_file_to_qtn argument), that is vulnerable to command injection. This is an instance of CWE-88, \"Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command (\u0027Argument Injection\u0027),\" and is estimated as a CVSS 7.7 ( CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N) https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3-1#CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N) .\nThis issue affects Quantenna Wi-Fi chipset through version 8.0.0.28 of the latest SDK, and appears to be unpatched at the time of this CVE record\u0027s first publishing, though the vendor has released a best practices guide for implementors of this chipset.",
"id": "GHSA-3qvj-q9mh-gv5x",
"modified": "2025-06-08T21:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-06-08T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32456"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.onsemi.com/s/article/QCS-Quantenna-Wi-Fi-product-support-and-security-best-practices"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://takeonme.org/cves/cve-2025-3460"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3RRV-J65X-53QP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:59 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:34An exploitable privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Wacom, driver version 6.3.32-3, update helper service in the startProcess command. The command takes a user-supplied script argument and executes it under root context. A user with local access can use this vulnerability to raise their privileges to root. An attacker would need local access to the machine for a successful exploit.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-5012"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-24T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An exploitable privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Wacom, driver version 6.3.32-3, update helper service in the startProcess command. The command takes a user-supplied script argument and executes it under root context. A user with local access can use this vulnerability to raise their privileges to root. An attacker would need local access to the machine for a successful exploit.",
"id": "GHSA-3rrv-j65x-53qp",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:34:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:59:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-5012"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2019-0760"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3V7M-2JRH-VC93
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-31 00:30 – Updated: 2023-01-10 16:03Argument Injection in GitHub repository froxlor/froxlor prior to 2.0.0-beta1.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "froxlor/froxlor"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0-beta0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.0-beta1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-4864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-03T16:56:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-30T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Argument Injection in GitHub repository froxlor/froxlor prior to 2.0.0-beta1.",
"id": "GHSA-3v7m-2jrh-vc93",
"modified": "2023-01-10T16:03:04Z",
"published": "2022-12-31T00:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-4864"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/froxlor/froxlor/commit/f2485ecd9aab8da544b5e12891d82ae6fcff5fc7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/froxlor/froxlor"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/b7140709-8f84-4f19-9463-78669fa2175b"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Froxlor vulnerable to Argument Injection"
}
GHSA-3V82-5W89-J5WW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:02 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:02An exploitable vulnerability exists in the smart cameras RTSP configuration of the Samsung SmartThings Hub STH-ETH-250 - Firmware version 0.20.17. The device incorrectly handles spaces in the URL field, leading to an arbitrary operating system command injection. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-3856"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-08-23T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An exploitable vulnerability exists in the smart cameras RTSP configuration of the Samsung SmartThings Hub STH-ETH-250 - Firmware version 0.20.17. The device incorrectly handles spaces in the URL field, leading to an arbitrary operating system command injection. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-3v82-5w89-j5ww",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:02:06Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:02:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-3856"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2018-0539"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4229-XRVQ-QM47
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-17 12:31 – Updated: 2026-04-17 12:31Dell PowerProtect Data Domain, versions 7.7.1.0 through 8.7.0.0, LTS2025 release versions 8.3.1.0 through 8.3.1.20, LTS2024 release versions 7.13.1.0 through 7.13.1.60 contain an improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command ('argument injection') vulnerability. A high privileged attacker with local access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to arbitrary command execution with root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35153"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-17T11:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell PowerProtect Data Domain, versions 7.7.1.0 through 8.7.0.0, LTS2025 release versions 8.3.1.0 through 8.3.1.20, LTS2024 release versions 7.13.1.0 through 7.13.1.60 contain an improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command (\u0027argument injection\u0027) vulnerability. A high privileged attacker with local access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to arbitrary command execution with root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-4229-xrvq-qm47",
"modified": "2026-04-17T12:31:25Z",
"published": "2026-04-17T12:31:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000450699/dsa-2026-060-security-update-for-dell-powerprotect-data-domain-multiple-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-427P-PPG4-CG5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-03 15:31 – Updated: 2025-10-03 15:31Unity Editor 2019.1 through 6000.3 could allow remote attackers to exploit file loading and Local File Inclusion (LFI) mechanisms via a crafted local application because of an Untrusted Search Path. This could permit unauthorized manipulation of runtime resources and third-party integrations. The issue could affect applications built using Unity and deployed across Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59489"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-426",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-03T14:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unity Editor 2019.1 through 6000.3 could allow remote attackers to exploit file loading and Local File Inclusion (LFI) mechanisms via a crafted local application because of an Untrusted Search Path. This could permit unauthorized manipulation of runtime resources and third-party integrations. The issue could affect applications built using Unity and deployed across Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.",
"id": "GHSA-427p-ppg4-cg5q",
"modified": "2025-10-03T15:31:17Z",
"published": "2025-10-03T15:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59489"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://flatt.tech/research/posts/arbitrary-code-execution-in-unity-runtime"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://unity.com/security#security-updates-and-patches"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://unity.com/security/sept-2025-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-42W8-JQ8G-MG7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-30 18:16 – Updated: 2025-01-16 18:30Internet Explorer 6 and earlier, when used with the Telnet client in Services for Unix (SFU) 2.0, allows remote attackers to execute commands by spawning Telnet with a log file option on the command line and writing arbitrary code into an executable file which is later executed, aka a new variant of the Telnet Invocation vulnerability as described in CVE-2001-0150.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2001-0667"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2001-10-30T05:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Internet Explorer 6 and earlier, when used with the Telnet client in Services for Unix (SFU) 2.0, allows remote attackers to execute commands by spawning Telnet with a log file option on the command line and writing arbitrary code into an executable file which is later executed, aka a new variant of the Telnet Invocation vulnerability as described in CVE-2001-0150.",
"id": "GHSA-42w8-jq8g-mg7m",
"modified": "2025-01-16T18:30:54Z",
"published": "2022-04-30T18:16:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2001-0667"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2001/ms01-051"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/7260"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ciac.org/ciac/bulletins/m-024.shtml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/952611"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45HX-WFHJ-473X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-21 23:07 – Updated: 2022-01-27 18:28H2 Console before 2.1.210 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a jdbc:h2:mem JDBC URL containing the IGNORE_UNKNOWN_SETTINGS=TRUE;FORBID_CREATION=FALSE;INIT=RUNSCRIPT substring, a different vulnerability than CVE-2021-42392.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.h2database:h2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.210"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-23221"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-01-20T16:13:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-19T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "H2 Console before 2.1.210 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a jdbc:h2:mem JDBC URL containing the IGNORE_UNKNOWN_SETTINGS=TRUE;FORBID_CREATION=FALSE;INIT=RUNSCRIPT substring, a different vulnerability than CVE-2021-42392.",
"id": "GHSA-45hx-wfhj-473x",
"modified": "2022-01-27T18:28:14Z",
"published": "2022-01-21T23:07:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23221"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/h2database/h2database"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/tag/version-2.1.210"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/h2database/h2database/security/advisories"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/02/msg00017.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230818-0011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://twitter.com/d0nkey_man/status/1483824727936450564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/165676/H2-Database-Console-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Jan/39"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Arbitrary code execution in H2 Console"
}
GHSA-46RP-WQR5-V5MJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-21 21:31 – Updated: 2025-08-22 21:31Argument injection in special agent configuration in Checkmk <2.4.0p1, <2.3.0p32, <2.2.0p42 and 2.1.0 allows authenticated attackers to write arbitrary files
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1712"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-21T09:15:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Argument injection in special agent configuration in Checkmk \u003c2.4.0p1, \u003c2.3.0p32, \u003c2.2.0p42 and 2.1.0 allows authenticated attackers to write arbitrary files",
"id": "GHSA-46rp-wqr5-v5mj",
"modified": "2025-08-22T21:31:13Z",
"published": "2025-05-21T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://checkmk.com/werk/17996"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-48WW-J4FC-435P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-10 19:16 – Updated: 2021-04-19 22:42This affects the package nodemailer before 6.4.16. Use of crafted recipient email addresses may result in arbitrary command flag injection in sendmail transport for sending mails.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "nodemailer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7769"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-19T22:42:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-12T09:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This affects the package nodemailer before 6.4.16. Use of crafted recipient email addresses may result in arbitrary command flag injection in sendmail transport for sending mails.",
"id": "GHSA-48ww-j4fc-435p",
"modified": "2021-04-19T22:42:19Z",
"published": "2021-05-10T19:16:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/commit/ba31c64c910d884579875c52d57ac45acc47aa54"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/blob/33b62e2ea6bc9215c99a9bb4bfba94e2fb27ebd0/lib/sendmail-transport/index.js#L75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/blob/33b62e2ea6bc9215c99a9bb4bfba94e2fb27ebd0/lib/sendmail-transport/index.js%23L75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-1039742"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-NODEMAILER-1038834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/nodemailer"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Command injection in nodemailer"
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.