GCVE Workshop - 22 September 2026 (14:00-18:00), Luxembourg Before The Vulnopticon Conference - Registration
Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-918

Allowed

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.

5699 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-18856 (GCVE-0-2026-18856)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 00:30 – Updated: 2026-08-05 16:19
VLAI
Title
Poesis Rhymix CMS Data Import importer.admin.controller.php procImporterAdminCheckXmlFile server-side request forgery
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in Poesis Rhymix CMS up to 2.1.33. This impacts the function procImporterAdminCheckXmlFile of the file modules/importer/importer.admin.controller.php of the component Data Import Module. This manipulation of the argument filename causes server-side request forgery. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Upgrading to version 2.1.34 will fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 16:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Poesis Rhymix CMS Affected: 2.1.0
Affected: 2.1.1
Affected: 2.1.2
Affected: 2.1.3
Affected: 2.1.4
Affected: 2.1.5
Affected: 2.1.6
Affected: 2.1.7
Affected: 2.1.8
Affected: 2.1.9
Affected: 2.1.10
Affected: 2.1.11
Affected: 2.1.12
Affected: 2.1.13
Affected: 2.1.14
Affected: 2.1.15
Affected: 2.1.16
Affected: 2.1.17
Affected: 2.1.18
Affected: 2.1.19
Affected: 2.1.20
Affected: 2.1.21
Affected: 2.1.22
Affected: 2.1.23
Affected: 2.1.24
Affected: 2.1.25
Affected: 2.1.26
Affected: 2.1.27
Affected: 2.1.28
Affected: 2.1.29
Affected: 2.1.30
Affected: 2.1.31
Affected: 2.1.32
Affected: 2.1.33
Unaffected: 2.1.34
    cpe:2.3:a:poesis:rhymix_cms:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18856",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-05T16:19:26.715375Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T16:19:40.785Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:poesis:rhymix_cms:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "modules": [
            "Data Import Module"
          ],
          "product": "Rhymix CMS",
          "vendor": "Poesis",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.0"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.1"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.3"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.4"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.6"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.7"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.8"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.9"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.10"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.11"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.12"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.13"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.14"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.15"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.16"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.17"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.18"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.19"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.20"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.21"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.22"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.23"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.24"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.25"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.26"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.27"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.28"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.29"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.30"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.31"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.32"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.1.33"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "2.1.34"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A vulnerability was determined in Poesis Rhymix CMS up to 2.1.33. This impacts the function procImporterAdminCheckXmlFile of the file modules/importer/importer.admin.controller.php of the component Data Import Module. This manipulation of the argument filename causes server-side request forgery. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Upgrading to version 2.1.34 will fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.1,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
            "version": "4.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 4.7,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "baseScore": 4.7,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV2_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.8,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:M/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T00:30:12.143Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "VDB-385868 | Poesis Rhymix CMS Data Import importer.admin.controller.php procImporterAdminCheckXmlFile server-side request forgery",
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385868"
        },
        {
          "name": "VDB-385868 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385868/cti"
        },
        {
          "name": "CVE-2026-18856 | CVE Analysis and Report",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18856"
        },
        {
          "name": "Submit #858471 | Poesis Inc. Rhymix CMS \u003c=2.1.33 Server-Side Request Forgery",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/858471"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MCzhao2006/Rhymix-SSRF-Report"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "related"
          ],
          "url": "https://rhymix.org/news/1948042"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://rhymix.org/files/attach/releases/rhymix-2.1.34.zip"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T02:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T18:04:30.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Poesis Rhymix CMS Data Import importer.admin.controller.php procImporterAdminCheckXmlFile server-side request forgery",
      "x_generator": [
        "VulDB PVTS v202608"
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18856",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-05T00:30:12.143Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-04T15:58:58.811Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T16:19:40.785Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18775 (GCVE-0-2026-18775)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 16:15 – Updated: 2026-08-04 19:51
VLAI
Title
NousResearch hermes-agent Browser Tooling browser_tool.py browser_snapshot server-side request forgery
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 0.16.0. This vulnerability affects the function browser_snapshot of the file tools/browser_tool.py of the component Browser Tooling. Such manipulation leads to server-side request forgery. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 19:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/385785 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/385785/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18775 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/856877 third-party-advisory
https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/2e5bf7fa581139… exploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NousResearch hermes-agent Affected: 0.1
Affected: 0.2
Affected: 0.3
Affected: 0.4
Affected: 0.5
Affected: 0.6
Affected: 0.7
Affected: 0.8
Affected: 0.9
Affected: 0.10
Affected: 0.11
Affected: 0.12
Affected: 0.13
Affected: 0.14
Affected: 0.15
Affected: 0.16.0
    cpe:2.3:a:nousresearch:hermes-agent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18775",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-04T19:16:13.427718Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T19:51:57.359Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:nousresearch:hermes-agent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "modules": [
            "Browser Tooling"
          ],
          "product": "hermes-agent",
          "vendor": "NousResearch",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.1"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.3"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.4"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.6"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.7"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.8"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.9"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.10"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.11"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.12"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.13"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.14"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.15"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.16.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "Eric-y (VulDB User)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "coordinator",
          "value": "VulDB CNA Team"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A vulnerability has been found in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 0.16.0. This vulnerability affects the function browser_snapshot of the file tools/browser_tool.py of the component Browser Tooling. Such manipulation leads to server-side request forgery. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
            "version": "4.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV2_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T16:15:09.190Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "VDB-385785 | NousResearch hermes-agent Browser Tooling browser_tool.py browser_snapshot server-side request forgery",
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385785"
        },
        {
          "name": "VDB-385785 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385785/cti"
        },
        {
          "name": "CVE-2026-18775 | CVE Analysis and Report",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18775"
        },
        {
          "name": "Submit #856877 | NousResearch hermes-agent 0.16.0 Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor (CWE-200)",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/856877"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit"
          ],
          "url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/2e5bf7fa58113967807425032234cc89"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T02:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T09:41:01.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "NousResearch hermes-agent Browser Tooling browser_tool.py browser_snapshot server-side request forgery",
      "x_generator": [
        "VulDB PVTS v202608"
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18775",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-04T16:15:09.190Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-04T07:35:48.345Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T19:51:57.359Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18774 (GCVE-0-2026-18774)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 16:00 – Updated: 2026-08-05 13:42
VLAI
Title
NousResearch hermes-agent xAI Image Generation Provider image_gen_provider.py save_url_image server-side request forgery
Summary
A flaw has been found in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 0.16.0. This affects the function save_url_image of the file agent/image_gen_provider.py of the component xAI Image Generation Provider. This manipulation causes server-side request forgery. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 13:41 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/385784 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/385784/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18774 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/856875 third-party-advisory
https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/7c71603a25d84f… exploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NousResearch hermes-agent Affected: 0.1
Affected: 0.2
Affected: 0.3
Affected: 0.4
Affected: 0.5
Affected: 0.6
Affected: 0.7
Affected: 0.8
Affected: 0.9
Affected: 0.10
Affected: 0.11
Affected: 0.12
Affected: 0.13
Affected: 0.14
Affected: 0.15
Affected: 0.16.0
    cpe:2.3:a:nousresearch:hermes-agent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18774",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-05T13:41:57.454541Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T13:42:12.621Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:nousresearch:hermes-agent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "modules": [
            "xAI Image Generation Provider"
          ],
          "product": "hermes-agent",
          "vendor": "NousResearch",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.1"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.3"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.4"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.6"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.7"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.8"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.9"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.10"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.11"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.12"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.13"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.14"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.15"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.16.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "Eric-y (VulDB User)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "coordinator",
          "value": "VulDB CNA Team"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A flaw has been found in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 0.16.0. This affects the function save_url_image of the file agent/image_gen_provider.py of the component xAI Image Generation Provider. This manipulation causes server-side request forgery. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
            "version": "4.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV2_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T16:00:11.053Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "VDB-385784 | NousResearch hermes-agent xAI Image Generation Provider image_gen_provider.py save_url_image server-side request forgery",
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385784"
        },
        {
          "name": "VDB-385784 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385784/cti"
        },
        {
          "name": "CVE-2026-18774 | CVE Analysis and Report",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18774"
        },
        {
          "name": "Submit #856875 | NousResearch hermes-agent 0.16.0 Server-Side Request Forgery (CWE-918)",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/856875"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit"
          ],
          "url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/7c71603a25d84f372f2275dd570e99d4"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T02:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-04T09:40:51.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "NousResearch hermes-agent xAI Image Generation Provider image_gen_provider.py save_url_image server-side request forgery",
      "x_generator": [
        "VulDB PVTS v202608"
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18774",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-04T16:00:11.053Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-04T07:35:41.048Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T13:42:12.621Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18736 (GCVE-0-2026-18736)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 20:15 – Updated: 2026-08-04 13:45
VLAI
Title
Shlink Server-Side Request Forgery via Short URL Title Auto-Resolution
Summary
Shlink contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability that allows authenticated API key holders to cause the server to issue arbitrary HTTP GET requests by supplying a crafted long URL during short URL creation with title auto-resolution enabled. Attackers can submit URLs pointing to public hosts that redirect to internal targets, including loopback addresses, link-local ranges, and cloud metadata endpoints such as 169.254.169.254, to exfiltrate internal service information via the HTML title element returned in the short URL creation response.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 13:44 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
shlinkio Shlink Affected: 2.6.0 , ≤ 5.1.5 (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-03 00:00
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18736",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-04T13:44:56.395426Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T13:45:06.977Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "exploit"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/theopaid/Server-side-request-forgery-through-short-URL-title-resolution-shlink-"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Shlink",
          "vendor": "shlinkio",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.1.5",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.6.0",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Theodosis Paidakis"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-08-03T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Shlink contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability that allows authenticated API key holders to cause the server to issue arbitrary HTTP GET requests by supplying a crafted long URL during short URL creation with title auto-resolution enabled. Attackers can submit URLs pointing to public hosts that redirect to internal targets, including loopback addresses, link-local ranges, and cloud metadata endpoints such as 169.254.169.254, to exfiltrate internal service information via the HTML title element returned in the short URL creation response."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-03T20:15:22.814Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "GitHub Security Advisory",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/theopaid/Server-side-request-forgery-through-short-URL-title-resolution-shlink-"
        },
        {
          "name": "Product Repository",
          "tags": [
            "product"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/shlinkio/shlink"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/shlink-server-side-request-forgery-via-short-url-title-auto-resolution"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Shlink Server-Side Request Forgery via Short URL Title Auto-Resolution",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18736",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-03T20:15:22.814Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-03T20:03:05.797Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T13:45:06.977Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18730 (GCVE-0-2026-18730)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 21:54 – Updated: 2026-09-02 13:19
VLAI
Title
Server-side request forgery vulnerability in GitHub Enterprise Server Manage API leaked a replayable gateway-agent bearer token
Summary
A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an unauthenticated attacker to cause the Manage API to send crafted outbound requests to an attacker-controlled host. An unauthenticated endpoint parsed an attacker-supplied cluster configuration and issued gateway-to-agent requests whose HMAC authenticated only a timestamp, not the request path or body. An attacker positioned to intercept the outbound request could capture this token and replay it against privileged management agent endpoints. High-availability deployments were not affected due to a topology restriction. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.22 and was fixed in versions 3.17.19, 3.18.13, 3.19.10, 3.20.6, and 3.21.4. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-02 13:18 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GitHub Enterprise Server Affected: 3.17.0 , ≤ 3.17.18 (semver)
Affected: 3.18.0 , ≤ 3.18.12 (semver)
Affected: 3.19.0 , ≤ 3.19.9 (semver)
Affected: 3.20.0 , ≤ 3.20.5 (semver)
Affected: 3.21.0 , ≤ 3.21.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18730",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-09-02T13:18:25.983888Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-09-02T13:19:21.618Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Enterprise Server",
          "vendor": "GitHub",
          "versions": [
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "3.17.19",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThanOrEqual": "3.17.18",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.17.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "3.18.13",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThanOrEqual": "3.18.12",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.18.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "3.19.10",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThanOrEqual": "3.19.9",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.19.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "3.20.6",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThanOrEqual": "3.20.5",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.20.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "3.21.4",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThanOrEqual": "3.21.3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.21.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "griffinf"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eA server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an unauthenticated attacker to cause the Manage API to send crafted outbound requests to an attacker-controlled host. An unauthenticated endpoint parsed an attacker-supplied cluster configuration and issued gateway-to-agent requests whose HMAC authenticated only a timestamp, not the request path or body. An attacker positioned to intercept the outbound request could capture this token and replay it against privileged management agent endpoints. High-availability deployments were not affected due to a topology restriction. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.22 and was fixed in versions 3.17.19, 3.18.13, 3.19.10, 3.20.6, and 3.21.4. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an unauthenticated attacker to cause the Manage API to send crafted outbound requests to an attacker-controlled host. An unauthenticated endpoint parsed an attacker-supplied cluster configuration and issued gateway-to-agent requests whose HMAC authenticated only a timestamp, not the request path or body. An attacker positioned to intercept the outbound request could capture this token and replay it against privileged management agent endpoints. High-availability deployments were not affected due to a topology restriction. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.22 and was fixed in versions 3.17.19, 3.18.13, 3.19.10, 3.20.6, and 3.21.4. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-664",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-664 Server Side Request Forgery"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.2,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "CWE-918 Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-01T21:54:58.397Z",
        "orgId": "82327ea3-741d-41e4-88f8-2cf9e791e760",
        "shortName": "GitHub_P"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.17/admin/release-notes#3.17.19"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.18/admin/release-notes#3.18.13"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.19/admin/release-notes#3.19.10"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.20/admin/release-notes#3.20.6"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.21/admin/release-notes#3.21.4"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "Server-side request forgery vulnerability in GitHub Enterprise Server Manage API leaked a replayable gateway-agent bearer token",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "82327ea3-741d-41e4-88f8-2cf9e791e760",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_P",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18730",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-01T21:54:58.397Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-03T18:33:43.917Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-02T13:19:21.618Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18647 (GCVE-0-2026-18647)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 20:45 – Updated: 2026-08-04 15:05
VLAI
Title
jina-ai reader Crawler/Puppeteer crawler.ts isValidTLD server-side request forgery
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in jina-ai reader up to 1574bfd380d249c86c82db4dace0d9c8fe17e2b1. This issue affects the function isValidTLD of the file /backend/functions/src/cloud-functions/crawler.ts of the component Crawler/Puppeteer. The manipulation leads to server-side request forgery. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. This product follows a rolling release approach for continuous delivery, so version details for affected or updated releases are not provided. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 13:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/385566 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/385566/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18647 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/855011 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/orionyan520/cve_report/issues/8 exploitissue-tracking
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jina-ai reader Affected: 1574bfd380d249c86c82db4dace0d9c8fe17e2b1
    cpe:2.3:a:jina-ai:reader:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18647",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-04T13:28:40.692348Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T15:05:17.869Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:jina-ai:reader:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "modules": [
            "Crawler/Puppeteer"
          ],
          "product": "reader",
          "vendor": "jina-ai",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1574bfd380d249c86c82db4dace0d9c8fe17e2b1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "orionyan (VulDB User)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "coordinator",
          "value": "VulDB CNA Team"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A security vulnerability has been detected in jina-ai reader up to 1574bfd380d249c86c82db4dace0d9c8fe17e2b1. This issue affects the function isValidTLD of the file /backend/functions/src/cloud-functions/crawler.ts of the component Crawler/Puppeteer. The manipulation leads to server-side request forgery. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. This product follows a rolling release approach for continuous delivery, so version details for affected or updated releases are not provided. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.9,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
            "version": "4.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.3,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "baseScore": 7.3,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV2_0": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-03T20:45:08.767Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "VDB-385566 | jina-ai reader Crawler/Puppeteer crawler.ts isValidTLD server-side request forgery",
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385566"
        },
        {
          "name": "VDB-385566 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/385566/cti"
        },
        {
          "name": "CVE-2026-18647 | CVE Analysis and Report",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-18647"
        },
        {
          "name": "Submit #855011 | jina-ai reader Latest commit (2026-06-10) Server-Side Request Forgery",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/855011"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit",
            "issue-tracking"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/orionyan520/cve_report/issues/8"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-03T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-03T02:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-08-03T13:27:20.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "jina-ai reader Crawler/Puppeteer crawler.ts isValidTLD server-side request forgery",
      "x_generator": [
        "VulDB PVTS v202608"
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18647",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-03T20:45:08.767Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-03T11:22:15.056Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-04T15:05:17.869Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18597 (GCVE-0-2026-18597)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 07:37 – Updated: 2026-08-06 12:30
VLAI
Title
Blind SSRF on Foxit PDF Services API
Summary
The PDF creation feature of Foxit PDF Services API supports referencing external files. Although local file access is restricted, an attacker could trigger an SSRF vulnerability by using URL redirection to bypass validation, leading to information disclosure.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 12:30 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Impacted products
Credits
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18597",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-06T12:30:02.936471Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-06T12:30:12.590Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Foxit PDF Services API",
          "vendor": "Foxit Software Inc.",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "before 2026-07-27"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "mrfathoni"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "The PDF creation feature of Foxit PDF Services API supports referencing external files. Although local file access is restricted, an attacker could trigger an SSRF vulnerability by using URL redirection to bypass validation, leading to information disclosure."
            }
          ],
          "value": "The PDF creation feature of Foxit PDF Services API supports referencing external files. Although local file access is restricted, an attacker could trigger an SSRF vulnerability by using URL redirection to bypass validation, leading to information disclosure."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "Information Disclosure"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 8.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-06T07:37:34.679Z",
        "orgId": "14984358-7092-470d-8f34-ade47a7658a2",
        "shortName": "Foxit"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.foxit.com/support/security-bulletins.html"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Blind SSRF on Foxit PDF Services API",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 1.0.4"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "14984358-7092-470d-8f34-ade47a7658a2",
    "assignerShortName": "Foxit",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18597",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-06T07:37:34.679Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-03T03:35:36.628Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-06T12:30:12.590Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18545 (GCVE-0-2026-18545)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 20:49 – Updated: 2026-08-31 18:53
VLAI
Title
Langflow is affected by multiple authentication bypass, path traversal, authorization, and server-side request forgery vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.11.1 is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). This may allow an authenticated attacker to send unauthorized requests from the system, potentially leading to network enumeration or facilitating other attacks.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-31 15:21 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7284579 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Langflow OSS Affected: 1.0.0 , ≤ 1.11.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18545",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-31T15:21:09.524974Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-31T18:53:44.490Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
            "cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "product": "Langflow OSS",
          "vendor": "IBM",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "1.11.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.0.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eIBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.11.1 is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). This may allow an authenticated attacker to send unauthorized requests from the system, potentially leading to network enumeration or facilitating other attacks.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.11.1 is vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF). This may allow an authenticated attacker to send unauthorized requests from the system, potentially leading to network enumeration or facilitating other attacks."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 4.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "CWE-918 Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-28T20:49:25.781Z",
        "orgId": "9a959283-ebb5-44b6-b705-dcc2bbced522",
        "shortName": "ibm"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7284579"
        }
      ],
      "solutions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eIBM strongly recommends addressing the vulnerability now by upgrading \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.org/project/langflow/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eLangflow OSS to version 1.11.2\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "IBM strongly recommends addressing the vulnerability now by upgrading  Langflow OSS to version 1.11.2 https://pypi.org/project/langflow/"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Langflow is affected by multiple authentication bypass, path traversal, authorization, and server-side request forgery vulnerabilities"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "9a959283-ebb5-44b6-b705-dcc2bbced522",
    "assignerShortName": "ibm",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18545",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-28T20:49:25.781Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-31T21:21:10.287Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-31T18:53:44.490Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18382 (GCVE-0-2026-18382)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-30 12:00 – Updated: 2026-07-30 13:05
VLAI
Title
Project-koku/koku-metrics-operator: koku-metrics-operator: service-account client credentials sent to user-controlled token_url
Summary
A flaw was found in koku-metrics-operator. The operator's CostManagementMetricsConfig custom resource allows a user able to edit the CR to specify an arbitrary OAuth token endpoint. When authentication.type is set to service-account, the operator sends the tenant's Red Hat SSO client_id and client_secret to this user-controlled URL, allowing the attacker to obtain the credentials.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-30 13:05 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-18382 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2509253 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Cost Management Metrics Operator     cpe:/a:redhat:cost_management:4
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-30 00:00
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18382",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-30T13:05:28.952444Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-30T13:05:36.789Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:cost_management:4"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "costmanagement/costmanagement-metrics-rhel9-operator",
          "product": "Cost Management Metrics Operator",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A flaw was found in koku-metrics-operator. The operator\u0027s CostManagementMetricsConfig custom resource allows a user able to edit the CR to specify an arbitrary OAuth token endpoint. When authentication.type is set to service-account, the operator sends the tenant\u0027s Red Hat SSO client_id and client_secret to this user-controlled URL, allowing the attacker to obtain the credentials."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "other": {
            "content": {
              "namespace": "https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/",
              "value": "Moderate"
            },
            "type": "Red Hat severity rating"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 6.8,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-30T12:05:15.179Z",
        "orgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
        "shortName": "redhat"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-18382"
        },
        {
          "name": "RHBZ#2509253",
          "tags": [
            "issue-tracking",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2509253"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-05-26T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Reported to Red Hat."
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Made public."
        }
      ],
      "title": "Project-koku/koku-metrics-operator: koku-metrics-operator: service-account client credentials sent to user-controlled token_url",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "cvelib 1.8.0"
      },
      "x_redhatCweChain": "CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
    "assignerShortName": "redhat",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18382",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-30T12:00:29.961Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-30T11:46:08.800Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-30T13:05:36.789Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-18381 (GCVE-0-2026-18381)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-30 12:00 – Updated: 2026-07-30 12:14
VLAI
Title
Project-koku/koku-metrics-operator: koku-metrics-operator: operator service-account token exfiltration via user-controlled prometheus service_address
Summary
A flaw was found in the koku-metrics-operator for Red Hat OpenShift. The operator's CostManagementMetricsConfig custom resource allows a user able to edit the CR to specify an arbitrary upload URL. The operator attaches its own Kubernetes service-account bearer token to queries sent to this user-controlled URL, allowing the attacker to obtain the token.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-30 12:14 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-18381 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2509251 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Cost Management Metrics Operator     cpe:/a:redhat:cost_management:4
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-30 00:00
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-18381",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-30T12:14:13.508837Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-30T12:14:46.389Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:cost_management:4"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "costmanagement/costmanagement-metrics-rhel9-operator",
          "product": "Cost Management Metrics Operator",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A flaw was found in the koku-metrics-operator for Red Hat OpenShift. The operator\u0027s CostManagementMetricsConfig custom resource allows a user able to edit the CR to specify an arbitrary upload URL. The operator attaches its own Kubernetes service-account bearer token to queries sent to this user-controlled URL, allowing the attacker to obtain the token."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "other": {
            "content": {
              "namespace": "https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/",
              "value": "Important"
            },
            "type": "Red Hat severity rating"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 7.6,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-918",
              "description": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-30T12:04:55.711Z",
        "orgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
        "shortName": "redhat"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-18381"
        },
        {
          "name": "RHBZ#2509251",
          "tags": [
            "issue-tracking",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2509251"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-05-26T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Reported to Red Hat."
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Made public."
        }
      ],
      "title": "Project-koku/koku-metrics-operator: koku-metrics-operator: operator service-account token exfiltration via user-controlled prometheus service_address",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "cvelib 1.8.0"
      },
      "x_redhatCweChain": "CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
    "assignerShortName": "redhat",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-18381",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-30T12:00:05.482Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-30T11:37:06.496Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-30T12:14:46.389Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-664: Server Side Request Forgery

An adversary exploits improper input validation by submitting maliciously crafted input to a target application running on a server, with the goal of forcing the server to make a request either to itself, to web services running in the server’s internal network, or to external third parties. If successful, the adversary’s request will be made with the server’s privilege level, bypassing its authentication controls. This ultimately allows the adversary to access sensitive data, execute commands on the server’s network, and make external requests with the stolen identity of the server. Server Side Request Forgery attacks differ from Cross Site Request Forgery attacks in that they target the server itself, whereas CSRF attacks exploit an insecure user authentication mechanism to perform unauthorized actions on the user's behalf.