Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Out-of-bounds Read

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

CVE-2025-49601 (GCVE-0-2025-49601)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-04 00:00 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:36
VLAI
Summary
In MbedTLS 3.3.0 before 3.6.4, mbedtls_lms_import_public_key does not check that the input buffer is at least 4 bytes before reading a 32-bit field, allowing a possible out-of-bounds read on truncated input. Specifically, an out-of-bounds read in mbedtls_lms_import_public_key allows context-dependent attackers to trigger a crash or limited adjacent-memory disclosure by supplying a truncated LMS (Leighton-Micali Signature) public-key buffer under four bytes. An LMS public key starts with a 4-byte type indicator. The function mbedtls_lms_import_public_key reads this type indicator before validating the size of its input.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Mbed mbedtls Affected: 3.3.0 , < 3.6.4 (custom)
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Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49657 (GCVE-0-2025-49657)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:57 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:27
VLAI
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Heap-based buffer overflow in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3932 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1732 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
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Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49658 (GCVE-0-2025-49658)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:57 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:06
VLAI
Title
Windows Transport Driver Interface (TDI) Translation Driver Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows TDX.sys allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21073 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6093 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6093 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3932 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1732 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
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Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49671 (GCVE-0-2025-49671)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:57 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:06
VLAI
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Exposure of sensitive information to an unauthorized actor in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-200 - Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
  • CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3932 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1732 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49681 (GCVE-0-2025-49681)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:57 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:07
VLAI
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3932 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1732 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49687 (GCVE-0-2025-49687)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:57 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:06
VLAI
Title
Windows Input Method Editor (IME) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Microsoft Input Method Editor (IME) allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21073 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6093 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6093 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5624 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5624 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3932 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1732 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49689 (GCVE-0-2025-49689)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:57 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:27
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Virtual Hard Disk Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Integer overflow or wraparound in Virtual Hard Disk (VHDX) allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
  • CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
  • CWE-822 - Untrusted Pointer Dereference
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21073 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6093 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6093 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5624 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5624 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5624 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27820 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23418 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25573 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22676 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8246 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7558 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3932 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1732 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4652 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-4969 (GCVE-0-2025-4969)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-21 01:44 – Updated: 2026-06-25 04:54
VLAI
Title
Libsoup: off-by-one out-of-bounds read in find_boundary() in soup-multipart.c
Summary
A vulnerability was found in the libsoup package. This flaw stems from its failure to correctly verify the termination of multipart HTTP messages. This can allow a remote attacker to send a specially crafted multipart HTTP body, causing the libsoup-consuming server to read beyond its allocated memory boundaries (out-of-bounds read).
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Date Public
2025-05-20 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49696 (GCVE-0-2025-49696)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 16:58 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:07
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Office Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Microsoft Office allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office 2016 Affected: 16.0.0 , < 16.0.5508.1001 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office 2019 Affected: 19.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office for Android Affected: 16.0.1 , < 16.0.19029.20000 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < 16.99.25071321 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < 16.99.25071321 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-07-08 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49796 (GCVE-0-2025-49796)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-16 15:14 – Updated: 2026-06-25 02:04
VLAI
Title
Libxml: type confusion leads to denial of service (dos)
Summary
A vulnerability was found in libxml2. Processing certain sch:name elements from the input XML file can trigger a memory corruption issue. This flaw allows an attacker to craft a malicious XML input file that can lead libxml to crash, resulting in a denial of service or other possible undefined behavior due to sensitive data being corrupted in memory.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
URL Tags
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https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:11580 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:12098 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:12099 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:12199 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:12237 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
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https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:19046 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:19894 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:21913 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:0934 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7519 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-49796 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2372385 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2/-/issues/933
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025…
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/…
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/…
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 2.15.0 (semver)
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 Unaffected: 0:2.12.5-7.el10_0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.0
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support Unaffected: 0:2.9.1-6.el7_9.10 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-21.el8_10.1 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-9.el8_2.3 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-9.el8_4.6 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-9.el8_4.6 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-13.el8_6.10 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Telecommunications Update Service Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-13.el8_6.10 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Update Services for SAP Solutions Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-13.el8_6.10 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-16.el8_8.9 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions Unaffected: 0:2.9.7-16.el8_8.9 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::baseos
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Unaffected: 0:2.9.13-10.el9_6 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Update Services for SAP Solutions Unaffected: 0:2.9.13-1.el9_0.5 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.0::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions Unaffected: 0:2.9.13-3.el9_2.7 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Extended Update Support Unaffected: 0:2.9.13-10.el9_4 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::appstream
    cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::baseos
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Core Services 2.4.62.SP2     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_core_services:1
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.12 Unaffected: 412.86.202510291903-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.12::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 Unaffected: 413.92.202510150118-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.13::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 Unaffected: 414.92.202510211419-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.14::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.17 Unaffected: 417.94.202510112152-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.17::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.18 Unaffected: 418.94.202510230424-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.19 Unaffected: 4.19.9.6.202510140714-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.20 Unaffected: 4.20.9.6.202509251656-0 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Web Terminal 1.11 on RHEL 9 Unaffected: 1.11-19 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:webterminal:1.11::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Web Terminal 1.11 on RHEL 9 Unaffected: 1.11-8 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:webterminal:1.11::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Web Terminal 1.12 on RHEL 9 Unaffected: 1.12-4 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:webterminal:1.12::el9
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-11 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-10 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-4 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-9 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-12 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-18 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat RHOSS-1.36-RHEL-8 Unaffected: 1.36.0-7 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_serverless:1.36::el8
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Red Hat cert-manager operator for Red Hat OpenShift 1.16 Unaffected: v1.16.5-1760515757 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:cert_manager:1.16::el9
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Red Hat OpenShift File Integrity Operator - FIO 1 Unaffected: v1.3 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_file_integrity_operator:1::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Discovery 2 Unaffected: 2.0.1-1754478727 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:discovery:2::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Hardened Images Unaffected: 2.15.2-0.3.hum1 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1
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Red Hat Red Hat Insights proxy 1.5 Unaffected: 1.5.5-1754504343 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:insights_proxy:1.5::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
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Red Hat Red Hat In-Vehicle Operating System 1     cpe:/o:redhat:rhivos:1
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000RE Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1400 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1500 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1501 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1510 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1511 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1512 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1524 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1536 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM ROX RX5000 Affected: 0 , < V2.17.1 (custom)
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Siemens RUGGEDCOM RST2428P Affected: 0 , < V4.0 (custom)
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Date Public
2025-06-11 00:00
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-49796",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-06-16T15:32:55.790163Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-06-16T15:33:08.296Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      },
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T20:05:26.711Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/07/msg00014.html"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      },
      {
        "affected": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000RE",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1400",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1500",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1501",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1510",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1511",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1512",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1524",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1536",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM ROX RX5000",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V2.17.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "RUGGEDCOM RST2428P",
            "vendor": "Siemens",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "V4.0",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-06-02T13:00:27.145Z",
          "orgId": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e",
          "shortName": "siemens-SADP"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-577017.html"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-253495.html"
          }
        ],
        "x_adpType": "supplier"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2/",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "2.15.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.0"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.12.5-7.el10_0",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.1-6.el7_9.10",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::baseos"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.7-21.el8_10.1",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::baseos"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.7-21.el8_10.1",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::appstream",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::baseos"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.7-9.el8_2.3",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream",
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.7-9.el8_4.6",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream",
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.7-9.el8_4.6",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream",
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream",
            "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos",
            "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "libxml2",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:2.9.7-13.el8_6.10",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
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Mitigation ID: MIT-5

Phase: Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Description:

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Description:

  • Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.

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