CWE-285
Improper Authorization
The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
CVE-2026-6586 (GCVE-0-2026-6586)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-19 23:45 – Updated: 2026-04-20 16:33
VLAI
Title
TransformerOptimus SuperAGI Budget Endpoint budget.py update_budget authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in TransformerOptimus SuperAGI up to 0.0.14. Impacted is the function get_budget/update_budget of the file superagi/controllers/budget.py of the component Budget Endpoint. Such manipulation leads to authorization bypass. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358221 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358221/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/791077 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/4b6b95f98aeed9… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TransformerOptimus | SuperAGI |
Affected:
0.0.1
Affected: 0.0.2 Affected: 0.0.3 Affected: 0.0.4 Affected: 0.0.5 Affected: 0.0.6 Affected: 0.0.7 Affected: 0.0.8 Affected: 0.0.9 Affected: 0.0.10 Affected: 0.0.11 Affected: 0.0.12 Affected: 0.0.13 Affected: 0.0.14 cpe:2.3:a:superagi:superagi:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2026-6609 (GCVE-0-2026-6609)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-20 05:30 – Updated: 2026-04-20 13:51
VLAI
Title
liangliangyy DjangoBlog views.py form_valid improper authorization
Summary
A flaw has been found in liangliangyy DjangoBlog up to 2.1.0.0. The affected element is the function form_valid of the file oauth/views.py. This manipulation of the argument oauthid causes improper authorization. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358244 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358244/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/790288 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/3em0/cve_repo/blob/main/Django… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| liangliangyy | DjangoBlog |
Affected:
2.1.0
|
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CVE-2026-6612 (GCVE-0-2026-6612)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-20 06:15 – Updated: 2026-04-20 11:24
VLAI
Title
TransformerOptimus SuperAGI Agent Execution Endpoint agent_execution.py update_agent_execution authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in TransformerOptimus SuperAGI up to 0.0.14. This impacts the function get_agent_execution/update_agent_execution of the file superagi/controllers/agent_execution.py of the component Agent Execution Endpoint. Executing a manipulation of the argument agent_execution_id can lead to authorization bypass. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358247 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358247/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/791078 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/d033e9d4d23e08… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TransformerOptimus | SuperAGI |
Affected:
0.0.1
Affected: 0.0.2 Affected: 0.0.3 Affected: 0.0.4 Affected: 0.0.5 Affected: 0.0.6 Affected: 0.0.7 Affected: 0.0.8 Affected: 0.0.9 Affected: 0.0.10 Affected: 0.0.11 Affected: 0.0.12 Affected: 0.0.13 Affected: 0.0.14 cpe:2.3:a:superagi:superagi:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-6613 (GCVE-0-2026-6613)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-20 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-20 14:57
VLAI
Title
TransformerOptimus SuperAGI agent.py get_schedule_data authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in TransformerOptimus SuperAGI up to 0.0.14. Affected is the function delete_agent/stop_schedule/get_schedule_data of the file superagi/controllers/agent.py. The manipulation of the argument agent_id leads to authorization bypass. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358248 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358248/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/791081 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/1d87985b274ce2… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TransformerOptimus | SuperAGI |
Affected:
0.0.1
Affected: 0.0.2 Affected: 0.0.3 Affected: 0.0.4 Affected: 0.0.5 Affected: 0.0.6 Affected: 0.0.7 Affected: 0.0.8 Affected: 0.0.9 Affected: 0.0.10 Affected: 0.0.11 Affected: 0.0.12 Affected: 0.0.13 Affected: 0.0.14 cpe:2.3:a:superagi:superagi:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2026-6614 (GCVE-0-2026-6614)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-20 06:45 – Updated: 2026-04-20 13:51
VLAI
Title
TransformerOptimus SuperAGI project.py get_projects_organisation authorization
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in TransformerOptimus SuperAGI up to 0.0.14. Affected by this vulnerability is the function get_project/update_project/get_projects_organisation of the file superagi/controllers/project.py. The manipulation results in authorization bypass. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358249 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358249/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/791082 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/ac40da2253c736… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TransformerOptimus | SuperAGI |
Affected:
0.0.1
Affected: 0.0.2 Affected: 0.0.3 Affected: 0.0.4 Affected: 0.0.5 Affected: 0.0.6 Affected: 0.0.7 Affected: 0.0.8 Affected: 0.0.9 Affected: 0.0.10 Affected: 0.0.11 Affected: 0.0.12 Affected: 0.0.13 Affected: 0.0.14 cpe:2.3:a:superagi:superagi:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-6634 (GCVE-0-2026-6634)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-20 11:30 – Updated: 2026-04-20 15:02 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
usememos UpdateInstanceSetting App.tsx memos_access_token improper authorization
Summary
A weakness has been identified in usememos memos up to 0.22.1. This affects the function memos_access_token of the file src/App.tsx of the component UpdateInstanceSetting. This manipulation of the argument additionalStyle/additionalScript causes improper authorization. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358268 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/358268/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/793432 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Dave-gilmore-aus/security-advi… | exploit |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-6938 (GCVE-0-2026-6938)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 13:11 – Updated: 2026-05-27 14:45
VLAI
Title
IBM® Db2® is vulnerable to authorization bypass when uploading to a remote object storage path with a special query
Summary
IBM Db2 12.1.0 through 12.1.4 is vulnerable to authorization bypass when uploading to a remote object storage path with a special query.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7273559 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-6977 (GCVE-0-2026-6977)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-25 10:15 – Updated: 2026-04-27 13:34
VLAI
Title
vanna-ai vanna Legacy Flask API improper authorization
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in vanna-ai vanna up to 2.0.2. The affected element is an unknown function of the component Legacy Flask API. The manipulation leads to improper authorization. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359520 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359520/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/795331 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/yidaozhongqing/York/issues/2 | exploitissue-tracking |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-7091 (GCVE-0-2026-7091)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-27 05:30 – Updated: 2026-04-27 11:11 X_Freeware
VLAI
Title
code-projects Invoice System in Laravel User Management user improper authorization
Summary
A flaw has been found in code-projects Invoice System in Laravel 1.0. This impacts an unknown function of the file /user of the component User Management Handler. This manipulation causes improper authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been published and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359666 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359666/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/800387 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/higordiego/61e803a7a91df0… | exploit |
| https://code-projects.org/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| code-projects | Invoice System in Laravel |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2026-7092 (GCVE-0-2026-7092)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-27 05:45 – Updated: 2026-04-29 13:47 X_Freeware
VLAI
Title
code-projects Invoice System in Laravel Profile profile improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in code-projects Invoice System in Laravel 1.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file /profile/ of the component Profile Handler. Such manipulation of the argument ID leads to improper authorization. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359667 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359667/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/800388 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/higordiego/9b5f076d7f651e… | exploit |
| https://code-projects.org/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| code-projects | Invoice System in Laravel |
Affected:
1.0
|
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"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 6.5,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-285",
"description": "Improper Authorization",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-266",
"description": "Incorrect Privilege Assignment",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-27T05:45:11.319Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-359667 | code-projects Invoice System in Laravel Profile profile improper authorization",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359667"
},
{
"name": "VDB-359667 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359667/cti"
},
{
"name": "Submit #800388 | code-projects Invoice System in Laravel 1.0 Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/800388"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://gist.github.com/higordiego/9b5f076d7f651e45c0f30ae14bab3b4e"
},
{
"tags": [
"product"
],
"url": "https://code-projects.org/"
}
],
"tags": [
"x_freeware"
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-04-26T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-04-26T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-04-26T10:54:14.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "code-projects Invoice System in Laravel Profile profile improper authorization"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-7092",
"datePublished": "2026-04-27T05:45:11.319Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-04-26T08:49:01.930Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-29T13:47:20.141Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.
Mitigation ID: MIT-4.4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Phases: System Configuration, Installation
Description:
- Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens
In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.
CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security
An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing
['This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.', {'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}]
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.