Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5944 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5JGQ-X857-P8XW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-07 21:45 – Updated: 2022-03-18 20:07
VLAI
Summary
Account compromise in Evmos
Details

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

Classification

The vulnerability has been classified as critical with a score of 9.0 (highest). It has the potential to affect and drain unclaimed airdrop funds from Cosmos and Osmosis eligible user addresses.

Disclosure

The attack requires advanced knowledge of the internals of the core and application packages of IBC, IBC relayers, the Cosmos SDK AnteHandler, and the Evmos x/claims module. The step-by-step attack is described below:

  1. An actor creates a malicious chain with a custom AnteHandler that skips signature verification for transactions, specifically IBC MsgTransfer. This allows the attacker to impersonate any account by setting a custom sender address field of the IBC transfer message.
  2. The malicious actor then connects this newly created chain via IBC to Evmos and fills the recipient address from the transfer message with an address they control.
  3. Once the IBC packet containing the Transfer data is relayed to Evmos, it is processed by the claims module IBC middleware. Which migrates the claim records to the recipient address, which is owned by the attacker.
  4. The attacker then performs two airdrop Actions, claiming up to 75% of the total initial claimable amount.
  5. The Actor repeats steps 1., 2., and 3. for every address that has unclaimed funds from the airdrop. This automatically claims 75% of the unclaimable amount.
  6. The malicious actor performs the final Action, claiming 100% of all the user funds.
  7. Then, the attacker transfers the funds to another chain with a DEX (Osmosis, Cosmos Hub) via IBC.
  8. Finally, the attacker withdraws the total amount in fiat through a centralized exchange.

Users impacted

No users have suffered the loss of funds as no malicious chains have been connected to Evmos.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

The patch involves defining a list of authorized channels for chains that are connected to Evmos via IBC. This restricts the chains that have the capability of migrating users' claims records as per the specification. By default, the authorized destination channels are "channel-0" (Osmosis) and "channel-3" (Cosmos Hub).

Please upgrade your mainnet node and validator to v2.0.1 ASAP.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

No, the fix for the critical vulnerability is state machine breaking. An upgrade procedure must be coordinated with the nodes running the network.

References

Are there any links users can visit to find out more?

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:

Thanks to the Core IBC team at Interchain GmbH for the secure disclosure of this vulnerability

Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/tharsis/evmos"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-24738"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-07T21:45:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-07T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\n### Classification\n\nThe vulnerability has been classified as `critical` with a score of `9.0` (highest). It has the potential to affect and drain unclaimed airdrop funds from Cosmos and Osmosis eligible user addresses.\n\n### Disclosure\n\nThe attack requires advanced knowledge of the internals of the core and application packages of IBC, IBC relayers, the Cosmos SDK `AnteHandler`,  and the Evmos `x/claims` module. The step-by-step attack is described below:\n\n1. An actor creates a malicious chain with a custom `AnteHandler` that skips signature verification for transactions, specifically IBC `MsgTransfer`. This allows the attacker to impersonate any account by setting a custom `sender` address field of the IBC transfer message.\n2.  The malicious actor then connects this newly created chain via IBC to Evmos and fills the `recipient` address from the transfer message with an address they control.\n3. Once the IBC packet containing the Transfer data is relayed to Evmos, it is processed by the claims module IBC middleware. Which migrates the claim records to the recipient address, which is owned by the attacker.\n4. The attacker then performs two airdrop Actions, claiming up to 75% of the total initial claimable amount.\n5. The Actor repeats steps 1., 2., and 3. for every address that has unclaimed funds from the airdrop. This automatically claims 75% of the unclaimable amount.\n6. The malicious actor performs the final Action, claiming 100% of all the user funds.\n7. Then, the attacker transfers the funds to another chain with a DEX (Osmosis, Cosmos Hub) via IBC. \n8. Finally, the attacker withdraws the total amount in fiat through a centralized exchange. \n\n### Users impacted\n\nNo users have suffered the loss of funds as no malicious chains have been connected to Evmos.\n\n## Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nThe patch involves defining a list of authorized channels for chains that are connected to Evmos via IBC. This restricts the chains that have the capability of migrating users\u0027 claims records as per the specification. By default, the authorized destination channels are `\"channel-0\"` (Osmosis) and `\"channel-3\"` (Cosmos Hub).\n\nPlease upgrade your mainnet node and validator to [`v2.0.1`](https://github.com/tharsis/evmos/releases/tag/v2.0.1) **ASAP**.\n\n## Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\n\nNo, the fix for the critical vulnerability is state machine breaking. An upgrade procedure must be coordinated with the nodes running the network.\n\n## References\n\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_\n\n* Claims module spec: [evmos.dev/modules/claims](https://evmos.dev/modules/claims)\n* Cosmos SDK documentation: [docs.cosmos.network](https://docs.cosmos.network/)\n* IBC documentation: [ibc.cosmos.network](https://ibc.cosmos.network/)\n\n## For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n* Reach out to the Core Team in [Discord](https://discord.gg/evmos)\n* Open an issue in [tharsis/evmos](http://github.com/tharsis/evmos/issues)\n* Email us at [security@thars.is](security@thars.is)\n\nThanks to the Core IBC team at Interchain GmbH for the secure disclosure of this vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-5jgq-x857-p8xw",
  "modified": "2022-03-18T20:07:34Z",
  "published": "2022-03-07T21:45:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/tharsis/evmos/security/advisories/GHSA-5jgq-x857-p8xw"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24738"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/tharsis/evmos/commit/28870258d4ee9f1b8aeef5eba891681f89348f71"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/tharsis/evmos"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/tharsis/evmos/releases/tag/v2.0.1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Account compromise in Evmos"
}

GHSA-5JJ8-CX85-VM6H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-23 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-23 21:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in 70mai 1S up to 20250611. This affects an unknown part of the component Video Services. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. Access to the local network is required for this attack to succeed. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Severity
3.1 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
1.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-6524"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-23T21:15:27Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in 70mai 1S up to 20250611. This affects an unknown part of the component Video Services. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. Access to the local network is required for this attack to succeed. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-5jj8-cx85-vm6h",
  "modified": "2025-06-23T21:31:56Z",
  "published": "2025-06-23T21:31:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6524"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/geo-chen/70mai/blob/main/README.md#finding-2-unauthenticated-file-storage-allowing-remote-dumping-of-video-footage-and-live-video-stream"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.313641"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.313641"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.595444"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5JM6-X4X7-P9PQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:25 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:25
VLAI
Details

Absolute Form Processor XE 1.5 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by setting the xlaAFPadmin cookie to "lvl=1&userid=1."

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-1504"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-05-01T17:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Absolute Form Processor XE 1.5 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by setting the xlaAFPadmin cookie to \"lvl=1\u0026userid=1.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-5jm6-x4x7-p9pq",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:25:44Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:25:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-1504"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/8529"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5JPX-H96G-MGMR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:42 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:42
VLAI
Details

The web-based administration interface on the Camtron CMNC-200 Full HD IP Camera and TecVoz CMNC-200 Megapixel IP Camera with firmware 1.102A-008 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a // (slash slash) at the beginning of a URI, as demonstrated by the //system.html URI.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-4232"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-11-17T01:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The web-based administration interface on the Camtron CMNC-200 Full HD IP Camera and TecVoz CMNC-200 Megapixel IP Camera with firmware 1.102A-008 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a // (slash slash) at the beginning of a URI, as demonstrated by the //system.html URI.",
  "id": "GHSA-5jpx-h96g-mgmr",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T02:42:45Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:42:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-4232"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/spiderlabs/advisories/TWSL2010-006.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15506"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/514753/100/0/threaded"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5M5P-HVXJ-GRXR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-17 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-02 21:31
VLAI
Details

An authentication issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in iOS 18 and iPadOS 18. Private Browsing tabs may be accessed without authentication.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-44202"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-17T00:15:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An authentication issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in iOS 18 and iPadOS 18. Private Browsing tabs may be accessed without authentication.",
  "id": "GHSA-5m5p-hvxj-grxr",
  "modified": "2026-04-02T21:31:56Z",
  "published": "2024-09-17T00:31:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-44202"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121241"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121250"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Sep/32"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5M5V-PWJ7-RJ26

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-13 09:30 – Updated: 2025-06-13 09:30
VLAI
Details

Multiple methods in the salt master skip minion token validation. Therefore a misbehaving minion can impersonate another minion.

Severity
2.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-38822"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-13T07:15:19Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Multiple methods in the salt master skip minion token validation. Therefore a misbehaving minion can impersonate another minion.",
  "id": "GHSA-5m5v-pwj7-rj26",
  "modified": "2025-06-13T09:30:33Z",
  "published": "2025-06-13T09:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38822"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.saltproject.io/en/3006/topics/releases/3006.12.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.saltproject.io/en/3007/topics/releases/3007.4.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5M6Q-C52M-C8V4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-29 21:30 – Updated: 2025-09-29 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the Ruijie RG-ES series switch firmware ESW_1.0(1)B1P39 enables remote attackers to fully bypass authentication mechanisms, providing them with unrestricted access to alter administrative settings and potentially seize control of affected devices via crafted HTTP POST request to /user.cgi.

Severity
9.4 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-56752"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-03T18:15:35Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the Ruijie RG-ES series switch firmware ESW_1.0(1)B1P39 enables remote attackers to fully bypass authentication mechanisms, providing them with unrestricted access to alter administrative settings and potentially seize control of affected devices via crafted HTTP POST request to /user.cgi.",
  "id": "GHSA-5m6q-c52m-c8v4",
  "modified": "2025-09-29T21:30:20Z",
  "published": "2025-09-29T21:30:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-56752"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TNCX-byte/Vulnerability_Research/blob/main/CVE-2025-56752/README.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5M9R-PX69-W4V3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:25 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:25
VLAI
Details

includes/user.php in Fungamez RC1 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by setting the user cookie parameter.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-1489"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-04-29T18:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "includes/user.php in Fungamez RC1 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by setting the user cookie parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-5m9r-px69-w4v3",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:25:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:25:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-1489"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/50424"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/8493"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=124025031126068\u0026w=2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/1117"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5MC5-63FC-WPF2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:36 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:36
VLAI
Details

AJ Classifieds allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrator privileges via a direct request to admin/home.php.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-7041"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-08-24T10:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "AJ Classifieds allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrator privileges via a direct request to admin/home.php.",
  "id": "GHSA-5mc5-63fc-wpf2",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:36:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:36:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-7041"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/7089"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/32256"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5MCF-4JXX-FHQ7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-24 00:00
VLAI
Details

The server checks the user's cookie in a non-standard way, and a value is entered in the cookie value name of the status and its value is set to true to bypass the identification with the system using a username and password.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-30623"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-18T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The server checks the user\u0027s cookie in a non-standard way, and a value is entered in the cookie value name of the status and its value is set to true to bypass the identification with the system using a username and password.",
  "id": "GHSA-5mcf-4jxx-fhq7",
  "modified": "2022-07-24T00:00:36Z",
  "published": "2022-07-19T00:00:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-30623"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/faq/cve_advisories"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.

← Back to the CWE list