CWE-436

Interpretation Conflict

Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.

CVE-2026-33804 (GCVE-0-2026-33804)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 13:56 – Updated: 2026-04-16 14:41
VLAI
Title
@fastify/middie vulnerable to middleware bypass via deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option
Summary
@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier are vulnerable to middleware bypass when the deprecated Fastify ignoreDuplicateSlashes option is enabled. The middleware path matching logic does not account for duplicate slash normalization performed by Fastify's router, allowing requests with duplicate slashes to bypass middleware authentication and authorization checks. This only affects applications using the deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option. Upgrade to @fastify/middie 9.3.2 to fix this issue. There are no workarounds other than disabling the ignoreDuplicateSlashes option.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
@fastify/middie @fastify/middie Affected: 0 , < 9.3.2 (semver)
Unaffected: 9.3.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
FredKSchott mcollina climba03003 UlisesGascon
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-33807 (GCVE-0-2026-33807)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 09:52 – Updated: 2026-04-15 13:09
VLAI
Title
@fastify/express vulnerable to middleware path doubling causing authentication bypass in child plugin scopes
Summary
@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier contains a path handling bug in the onRegister function that causes middleware paths to be doubled when inherited by child plugins. When a child plugin is registered with a prefix that matches a middleware path, the middleware path is prefixed a second time, causing it to never match incoming requests. This results in complete bypass of Express middleware security controls, including authentication, authorization, and rate limiting, for all routes defined within affected child plugin scopes. No special configuration or request crafting is required. Upgrade to @fastify/express v4.0.5 or later.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
fastify @fastify/express Affected: 0 , < 4.0.5 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.0.5 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
FredKSchott mcollina UlisesGascon climba03003
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-33808 (GCVE-0-2026-33808)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 09:29 – Updated: 2026-04-15 13:10
VLAI
Title
@fastify/express vulnerable to middleware authentication bypass via URL normalization gaps (duplicate slashes and semicolons)
Summary
Impact@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier fails to normalize URLs before passing them to Express middleware when Fastify router normalization options are enabled. This allows complete bypass of path-scoped authentication middleware via duplicate slashes when ignoreDuplicateSlashes is enabled, or via semicolon delimiters when useSemicolonDelimiter is enabled. In both cases, Fastify router normalizes the URL and matches the route, but @fastify/express passes the original un-normalized URL to Express middleware, which fails to match and is skipped. An unauthenticated attacker can access protected routes by manipulating the URL path. PatchesUpgrade to @fastify/express v4.0.5 or later.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
fastify @fastify/express Affected: 0 , < 4.0.5 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.0.5 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
FredKSchott mcollina UlisesGascon climba03003
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-35200 (GCVE-0-2026-35200)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-06 19:47 – Updated: 2026-04-07 14:02
VLAI
Title
Parse Server has a file upload Content-Type override via extension mismatch
Summary
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to 8.6.73 and 9.7.1-alpha.4, a file can be uploaded with a filename extension that passes the file extension allowlist (e.g., .txt) but with a Content-Type header that differs from the extension (e.g., text/html). The Content-Type is passed to the storage adapter without consistency validation. Storage adapters that store and serve the provided Content-Type (such as S3 or GCS) serve the file with the mismatched Content-Type. The default GridFS adapter is not affected because it derives Content-Type from the filename at serving time. This vulnerability is fixed in 8.6.73 and 9.7.1-alpha.4.
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
parse-community parse-server Affected: >= 9.0.0, < 9.7.1-alpha.4
Affected: < 8.6.73
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-40165 (GCVE-0-2026-40165)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-20 23:35 – Updated: 2026-05-21 14:13
VLAI
Title
authentik: SAML NameID XML Comment Injection Enables Authentication Bypass via Identifier Truncation
Summary
authentik is an open-source identity provider. Versions 2025.12.4 and prior, and versions 2026.2.0-rc1 through 2026.2.2 were vulnerable to Authentication Bypass through SAML NameID XML Comment Injection. Due to how authentik extracted the NameID value from a SAML assertion, it was possible for an attacker to trick authentik into only seeing a part of the NameID value, potentially allowing an attacker to gain access to other accounts. This issue could be exploited on an authentik instance with a SAML Source, where the attacker had an account on the SAML Source and the ability to modify their NameID value (commonly username or E-mail), and XML Signing was enabled. The attacker could modify the SAML assertion given to authentik by injecting a comment within the NameID value, which effectively truncated the NameID value to the snippet before the comment, and gave the attacker access to any user account. This issue has been fixed in versions 2025.12.5 and 2026.2.3.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
  • CWE-91 - XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
goauthentik authentik Affected: < 2025.12.5
Affected: >= 2026.2.0-rc1, < 2026.2.3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-41248 (GCVE-0-2026-41248)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 21:04 – Updated: 2026-04-27 13:46
VLAI
Title
Official Clerk JavaScript SDKs: Middleware-based route protection bypass
Summary
Clerk JavaScript is the official JavaScript repository for Clerk authentication. createRouteMatcher in @clerk/nextjs, @clerk/nuxt, and @clerk/astro can be bypassed by certain crafted requests, allowing them to skip middleware gating and reach downstream handlers. This vulnerability is fixed in @clerk/astro 1.5.7, 2.17.10, and 3.0.15; @clerk/nextjs 5.7.6, 6.39.2, and 7.2.1; @clerk/nuxt 1.13.28 and 2.2.2; and @clerk/shared 2.22.1, 3.47.4, anc 4.8.1
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
clerk astro Affected: >= 0.0.1, < 1.5.7
Affected: >= 2.0.0-snapshot.v20241206174604, <= 2.17.9
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.15
Create a notification for this product.
clerk nextjs Affected: >= 5.0.0, < 5.7.6
Affected: >= 6.0.0-snapshot.vb87a27f, < 6.39.2
Affected: >= 7.0.0, < 7.2.1
Create a notification for this product.
clerk nuxt Affected: >= 1.1.0, < 1.13.28
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.2.2
Create a notification for this product.
clerk shared Affected: >= 2.20.17, < 2.22.1
Affected: >= 3.0.0-canary.v20250225091530, < 3.47.4
Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.8.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-42177 (GCVE-0-2026-42177)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 17:11 – Updated: 2026-05-13 14:37
VLAI
Title
linux-entra-sso: PRT SSO cookie can leak to attacker-controlled hosts when broad host permissions are granted
Summary
linux-entra-sso is a browser plugin for Linux to SSO on Microsoft Entra ID. Prior to 1.8.1, platform/chrome/js/platform-chrome.js:69-88 registers a single declarativeNetRequest rule whose urlFilter is Platform.SSO_URL + "/*", i.e. "https://login.microsoftonline.com/*". Chrome's urlFilter without a | or || anchor is substring-matched against the full request URL. The same applied rule action is modifyHeaders that attaches the Entra ID Primary Refresh Token cookie. The Firefox adapter in platform/firefox/js/platform-firefox.js:53 performs a belt-and-braces startsWith(Platform.SSO_URL) check before injecting the header; the Chrome adapter does not. When the extension holds broad host permissions through the optional_host_permissions: ["https://*/*"] declared in platform/chrome/manifest.json:34, a main-frame navigation to a URL whose path embeds https://login.microsoftonline.com/ causes Chrome to attach the PRT cookie to the request to the attacker-controlled host. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.8.1.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
siemens linux-entra-sso Affected: < 1.8.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-42272 (GCVE-0-2026-42272)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 03:40 – Updated: 2026-05-08 23:12
VLAI
Title
Heimdall: Case-sensitive handling of URL-encoded slashes may lead to inconsistent path interpretation
Summary
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. Prior to version 0.17.14, Heimdall handles URL-encoded slashes (%2F) in a case-sensitive manner, while percent-encoding is defined to be case-insensitive. As a result, the lowercase equivalent (%2f) is not recognized and therefore not processed as expected when allow_encoded_slashes is set to off (the default setting). This discrepancy can lead to differences in how request paths are interpreted by heimdall and upstream components, which may result in authorization bypass. This issue has been patched in version 0.17.14.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
  • CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dadrus heimdall Affected: < 0.17.14
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-42273 (GCVE-0-2026-42273)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 03:42 – Updated: 2026-05-08 10:40
VLAI
Title
Heimdall: Case-sensitive host matching may lead to policy bypass
Summary
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. Prior to version 0.17.14, Heimdall performs host matching in a case-sensitive manner, while HTTP hostnames are case-insensitive. This discrepancy can result in heimdall failing to match a rule for a request host that differs only in letter casing, potentially causing the request to be classified differently than intended. This issue has been patched in version 0.17.14.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
  • CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dadrus heimdall Affected: < 0.17.14
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-42274 (GCVE-0-2026-42274)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 03:43 – Updated: 2026-05-11 18:20
VLAI
Title
Heimdall: Authorization bypass via path normalization mismatch
Summary
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. Prior to version 0.17.14, Heimdall performs rule matching on the raw (non-normalized) request path, while downstream components may normalize dot-segments according to RFC 3986, Section 6.2.2.3. This discrepancy can result in heimdall authorizing a request for one path (e.g., /user/../admin, or URL-encoded variants such as /user/%2e%2e/admin or /user/%2e%2e%2fadmin. The latter would require the allow_encoded_slashes option to be set to on or no_decode.) while the downstream ultimately processes a different, normalized path (/admin). This issue has been patched in version 0.17.14.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-35 - Path Traversal: '.../...//'
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dadrus heimdall Affected: < 0.17.14
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-105: HTTP Request Splitting

['An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to split a single HTTP request into multiple unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']

CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling

['An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']

CAPEC-34: HTTP Response Splitting

['An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content, in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server) or into an already spoofed HTTP response from an adversary controlled domain/site.', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']

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