CWE-522
Insufficiently Protected Credentials
The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.
CVE-2024-35208 (GCVE-0-2024-35208)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-11 11:15 – Updated: 2024-08-02 03:07
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in SINEC Traffic Analyzer (6GK8822-1BG01-0BA0) (All versions < V1.2). The affected web server stored the password in cleartext. This could allow attacker in a privileged position to obtain access passwords.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siemens | SINEC Traffic Analyzer |
Affected:
0 , < V1.2
(custom)
|
|
| siemens | sinec_traffic_analyzer |
Affected:
0 , < V1.2
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:siemens:sinec_traffic_analyzer:0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-36127 (GCVE-0-2024-36127)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-03 14:49 – Updated: 2024-09-03 15:49
VLAI
Title
apko Exposure of HTTP basic auth credentials in log output
Summary
apko is an apk-based OCI image builder. apko exposures HTTP basic auth credentials from repository and keyring URLs in log output. This vulnerability is fixed in v0.14.5.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/chainguard-dev/apko/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/chainguard-dev/apko/commit/2c0… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| chainguard-dev | apko |
Affected:
< 0.14.5
|
|
| chainguard-dev | apko |
Affected:
0 , < 0.14.5
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:chainguard-dev:apko:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-37362 (GCVE-0-2024-37362)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-19 23:34 – Updated: 2025-02-20 17:23
VLAI
Title
Hitachi Vantara Pentaho Data Integration & Analytics - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Summary
The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval. (CWE-522)
Hitachi Vantara Pentaho Data Integration & Analytics versions before 10.2.0.0 and 9.3.0.8, including 8.3.x, discloses database passwords when saving connections to RedShift.
Products must not disclose sensitive information without cause. Disclosure of sensitive information can lead to further exploitation.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hitachi Vantara | Pentaho Data Integration & Analytics |
Affected:
10.0 , < 10.2.0.0
(maven)
|
|
| Hitachi Vantara | Pentaho Business Analytics Server |
Affected:
1.0 , < 9.3.0.8
(maven)
|
Credits
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CVE-2024-38282 (GCVE-0-2024-38282)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-13 17:13 – Updated: 2024-08-02 04:04
VLAI
Title
Insufficiently Protected Credentials in Motorola Solutions Vigilant Fixed LPR Coms Box (BCAV1F2-C600)
Summary
Utilizing default credentials, an attacker is able to log into the camera's operating system which could allow changes to be made to the operations or shutdown the camera requiring a physical reboot of the system.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i… | government-resource |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motorola Solutions | Vigilant Fixed LPR Coms Box (BCAV1F2-C600) |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.1.171.9
(custom)
|
|
| motorolasolutions | vigilant_fixed_lpr_coms_box_bcav1f2_c600 |
Affected:
0 , < 3.1.171.9
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:motorolasolutions:vigilant_fixed_lpr_coms_box_bcav1f2_c600:0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-38285 (GCVE-0-2024-38285)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-13 17:26 – Updated: 2024-08-02 04:04
VLAI
Title
Insufficiently Protected Credentials in Motorola Solutions Vigilant Fixed LPR Coms Box (BCAV1F2-C600)
Summary
Logs storing credentials are insufficiently protected and can be decoded through the use of open source tools.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i… | government-resource |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motorola Solutions | Vigilant Fixed LPR Coms Box (BCAV1F2-C600) |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.1.171.9
(custom)
|
|
| motorolasolutions | vigilant_fixed_lpr_coms_box_bcav1f2_c600 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.1.171.9
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:motorolasolutions:vigilant_fixed_lpr_coms_box_bcav1f2_c600:0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-39278 (GCVE-0-2024-39278)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-05 22:39 – Updated: 2024-09-06 13:26
VLAI
Title
Hughes Network Systems Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Summary
Credentials to access device configuration information stored unencrypted in flash memory. These credentials would allow read-only access to network configuration information and terminal configuration data.
Severity
4.2 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hughes Network Systems | WL3000 Fusion Software |
Affected:
0 , < 2.7.0.10
(custom)
|
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CVE-2024-39290 (GCVE-0-2024-39290)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-22 00:11 – Updated: 2024-11-22 11:34
VLAI
Summary
Insufficiently protected credentials issue exists in AIPHONE IX SYSTEM and IXG SYSTEM. A network-adjacent unauthenticated attacker may obtain sensitive information such as a username and its password in the address book.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently protected credentials
Assigner
References
Impacted products
54 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-HB |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-HBT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-HW |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-HWT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-HW-JP |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-B |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-BT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-W |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-MV7-WT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DAU |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DB |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DBT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-EA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-EAT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-EAU |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DV |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVF |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVF-P |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVF-L |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVM |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DU |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVF-RA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-DVF-2RA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-BA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-BAU |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-BB |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-BBT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-FA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SSA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SS-2G |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SS-2GT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SS-2G-N |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-BU |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SSA-RA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SSA-2RA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.11 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-RS-B |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-RS-BT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-RS-W |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-RS-WT |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXW-MA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IX-SPMIC |
Affected:
firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-2C7 |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.01 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-2C7-L |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.01 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-DM7 |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.00 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-DM7-HID |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.00 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-DM7-HIDA |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.00 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-DM7-10K |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.00 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXG-MK |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.00 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXGW-GW |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.01 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXGW-TGW |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.01 and earlier
|
|
| AIPHONE CO., LTD. | IXGW-LC |
Affected:
firmware Ver.3.00 and earlier
|
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}
]
},
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}
]
},
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}
]
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}
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},
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}
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}
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}
]
},
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{
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}
]
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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"status": "affected",
"version": "firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier"
}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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{
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}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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"status": "affected",
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}
]
},
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}
]
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}
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}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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"status": "affected",
"version": "firmware Ver.7.10 and earlier"
}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
"versions": [
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}
]
},
{
"product": "IX-FA",
"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
"versions": [
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}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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}
]
},
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}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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}
]
},
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}
]
},
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"vendor": "AIPHONE CO., LTD.",
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}
]
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}
]
},
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CVE-2024-39818 (GCVE-0-2024-39818)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-14 16:36 – Updated: 2024-08-16 13:26
VLAI
Title
Zoom Workplace Apps and SDKs - Protection Mechanism Failure
Summary
Protection mechanism failure for some Zoom Workplace Apps and SDKs may allow an authenticated user to conduct information disclosure via network access.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zoom Communications Inc. | Zoom Workplace Apps and SDKs |
Affected:
see references
|
|
| zoom | workplace_desktop |
Affected:
0 , < 6.0.0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:zoom:workplace_desktop:*:*:*:*:*:linux:*:* cpe:2.3:a:zoom:workplace_desktop:*:*:*:*:*:windows:*:* cpe:2.3:a:zoom:workplace_desktop:*:*:*:*:*:macos:*:* |
|
| zoom | workplace_app |
Affected:
0 , < 6.0.0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:zoom:workplace_app:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| zoom | vdi_windows_meeting_client |
Affected:
0 , < 5.17.13
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:zoom:vdi_windows_meeting_client:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| zoom | rooms |
Affected:
0 , < 6.0.0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:zoom:rooms:-:*:*:*:*:ipad_os:*:* cpe:2.3:a:zoom:rooms:*:*:*:*:*:macos:*:* cpe:2.3:a:zoom:rooms:*:*:*:*:*:windows:*:* |
Date Public
2024-08-13 12:00
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CVE-2024-40703 (GCVE-0-2024-40703)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-22 12:20 – Updated: 2024-09-22 15:27
VLAI
Title
IBM Cognos Analytics information disclosure
Summary
IBM Cognos Analytics 11.2.0, 11.2.1, 11.2.2, 11.2.3, 11.2.4, 12.0.0, 12.0.1, 12.0.2, 12.0.3, and IBM Cognos Analytics Reports for iOS 11.0.0.7 could allow a local attacker to obtain sensitive information in the form of an API key. An attacker could use this information to launch further attacks against affected applications.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7160700 | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7168038 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Cognos Analytics |
Affected:
11.2.0, 11.2.1, 11.2.2, 11.2.3, 11.2.4, 12.0.0, 12.0.1, 12.0.2, 12.0.3
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:11.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:11.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:11.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:11.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:11.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:12.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:12.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:12.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics:12.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cognos_analytics_reports:11.0.0.7:*:*:*:*:ios:*:* |
|
| IBM | Cognos Analytics Reports |
Affected:
11.0.0.7
|
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CVE-2024-40704 (GCVE-0-2024-40704)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-15 16:44 – Updated: 2024-08-15 17:35
VLAI
Title
IBM InfoSphere Information Server information disclosure
Summary
IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.7 could allow a privileged user to obtain sensitive information from authentication request headers. IBM X-Force ID: 298277.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-522 - Insufficiently Protected Credentials
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7160853 | vendor-advisory |
| https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilit… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | InfoSphere Information Server |
Affected:
11.7
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:infosphere_information_server:11.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft
An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.
CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation
An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing
An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.