CWE-77
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
CVE-2026-9297 (GCVE-0-2026-9297)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-23 10:15 – Updated: 2026-05-26 18:43
VLAI
Title
Edimax BR-6428NS POST Request formWlbasic command injection
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in Edimax BR-6428NS 1.10. Affected is the function formWlbasic of the file /goform/formWlbasic of the component POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument repeaterSSID leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365244 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365244/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811536 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2026-9343 (GCVE-0-2026-9343)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-23 22:45 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:36
VLAI
Title
Edimax EW-7438RPn webs formWpsStart os command injection
Summary
A weakness has been identified in Edimax EW-7438RPn up to 1.31. The affected element is the function formWpsStart of the file /goform/formWpsStart of the component webs. This manipulation of the argument pinCode causes os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365306 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365306/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/813884 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811551 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Edim… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | EW-7438RPn |
Affected:
1.0
Affected: 1.1 Affected: 1.2 Affected: 1.3 Affected: 1.4 Affected: 1.5 Affected: 1.6 Affected: 1.7 Affected: 1.8 Affected: 1.9 Affected: 1.10 Affected: 1.11 Affected: 1.12 Affected: 1.13 Affected: 1.14 Affected: 1.15 Affected: 1.16 Affected: 1.17 Affected: 1.18 Affected: 1.19 Affected: 1.20 Affected: 1.21 Affected: 1.22 Affected: 1.23 Affected: 1.24 Affected: 1.25 Affected: 1.26 Affected: 1.27 Affected: 1.28 Affected: 1.29 Affected: 1.30 Affected: 1.31 cpe:2.3:a:edimax:ew-7438rpn:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9347 (GCVE-0-2026-9347)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 01:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:29
VLAI
Title
Edimax EW-7438RPn webs formWizSurvey os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Edimax EW-7438RPn up to 1.31. Affected is the function formWizSurvey of the file /goform/formWizSurvey of the component webs. The manipulation of the argument ip/mask/gateway leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365310 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365310/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/813889 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811543 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Edim… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | EW-7438RPn |
Affected:
1.0
Affected: 1.1 Affected: 1.2 Affected: 1.3 Affected: 1.4 Affected: 1.5 Affected: 1.6 Affected: 1.7 Affected: 1.8 Affected: 1.9 Affected: 1.10 Affected: 1.11 Affected: 1.12 Affected: 1.13 Affected: 1.14 Affected: 1.15 Affected: 1.16 Affected: 1.17 Affected: 1.18 Affected: 1.19 Affected: 1.20 Affected: 1.21 Affected: 1.22 Affected: 1.23 Affected: 1.24 Affected: 1.25 Affected: 1.26 Affected: 1.27 Affected: 1.28 Affected: 1.29 Affected: 1.30 Affected: 1.31 cpe:2.3:a:edimax:ew-7438rpn:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9359 (GCVE-0-2026-9359)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 06:00 – Updated: 2026-05-26 14:25
VLAI
Title
Edimax EW-7438RPn POST Request formHwSet command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in Edimax EW-7438RPn 1.28a. Affected by this vulnerability is the function formHwSet of the file /goform/formHwSet of the component POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument Anntena/Mcs/regDomain/nic0Addr/nic1Addr/wlanAddr/wanAddr/wlanSSID/wlanChan/comd/initgain/txcck/txofdm leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365322 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365322/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811540 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-E… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | EW-7438RPn |
Affected:
1.28a
cpe:2.3:a:edimax:ew-7438rpn:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9361 (GCVE-0-2026-9361)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 06:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:24
VLAI
Title
Edimax EW-7438RPn POST Request formAccep formAccept command injection
Summary
A weakness has been identified in Edimax EW-7438RPn 1.12. This affects the function formAccept of the file /goform/formAccep of the component POST Request Handler. This manipulation of the argument submit-url causes command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365324 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365324/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811552 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | EW-7438RPn |
Affected:
1.12
cpe:2.3:a:edimax:ew-7438rpn:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9362 (GCVE-0-2026-9362)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 07:00 – Updated: 2026-05-26 17:41
VLAI
Title
Edimax EW-7438RPn Setting formConnectionSetting command injection
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in Edimax EW-7438RPn 1.12. This vulnerability affects the function formConnectionSetting of the file /goform/formConnectionSetting of the component Setting Handler. Such manipulation of the argument max_Conn/timeOut leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365325 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365325/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811553 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | EW-7438RPn |
Affected:
1.12
cpe:2.3:a:edimax:ew-7438rpn:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2026-9363 (GCVE-0-2026-9363)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 07:15 – Updated: 2026-05-26 14:26
VLAI
Title
Edimax EW-7438RPn POST Request formEZCHNwlanSetu formEZCHNwlanSetup command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in Edimax EW-7438RPn 1.12. This issue affects the function formEZCHNwlanSetup of the file /goform/formEZCHNwlanSetu of the component POST Request Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument method results in command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365326 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365326/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811554 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | EW-7438RPn |
Affected:
1.12
cpe:2.3:a:edimax:ew-7438rpn:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9367 (GCVE-0-2026-9367)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 08:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30
VLAI
Title
NousResearch hermes-agent terminal_tool approval.py detect_dangerous_command os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 5157f5427f19488b31c6fdebbacd15d798ce7f63. This affects the function detect_dangerous_command of the file tools/approval.py of the component terminal_tool. This manipulation causes os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365330 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365330/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/812228 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/75fb10319693e8… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NousResearch | hermes-agent |
Affected:
5157f5427f19488b31c6fdebbacd15d798ce7f63
cpe:2.3:a:nousresearch:hermes-agent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2026-9378 (GCVE-0-2026-9378)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 11:15 – Updated: 2026-05-26 17:30
VLAI
Title
Edimax BR-6675nD POST Request formHwSet command injection
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Edimax BR-6675nD 1.12. This affects the function formHwSet of the file /goform/formHwSet of the component POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument regDomain/ABandregDomain/nic0Addr/nic1Addr/wlanAddr/inicAddr results in command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365341 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365341/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811555 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2026-9379 (GCVE-0-2026-9379)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 11:45 – Updated: 2026-05-27 19:38
VLAI
Title
Edimax BR-6675nD POST Request formWpsStart command injection
Summary
A weakness has been identified in Edimax BR-6675nD 1.12. This impacts the function formWpsStart of the file /goform/formWpsStart of the component POST Request Handler. This manipulation of the argument pinCode causes command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365342 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365342/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811556 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811567 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
Credits
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"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-05-27T18:41:03.681651Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-27T19:38:28.957Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:edimax:br-6675nd:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"modules": [
"POST Request Handler"
],
"product": "BR-6675nD",
"vendor": "Edimax",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.12"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "yhryhryhr_miemie (VulDB User)"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "coordinator",
"value": "VulDB CNA Team"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A weakness has been identified in Edimax BR-6675nD 1.12. This impacts the function formWpsStart of the file /goform/formWpsStart of the component POST Request Handler. This manipulation of the argument pinCode causes command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 5.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 6.5,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-77",
"description": "Command Injection",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-74",
"description": "Injection",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-24T11:45:09.813Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-365342 | Edimax BR-6675nD POST Request formWpsStart command injection",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365342"
},
{
"name": "VDB-365342 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365342/cti"
},
{
"name": "Submit #811556 | EDIMAX BR-6675nD BR-6675nD v1.12 Command Injection",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/811556"
},
{
"name": "Submit #811567 | EDIMAX BR-6675nD BR-6675nD v1.12 Command Injection (Duplicate)",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/811567"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-BR-6675nD-formWpsStart-34b53a41781f8011b77ac5ebb77dfddd?source=copy_link"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-23T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-23T17:04:24.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "Edimax BR-6675nD POST Request formWpsStart command injection"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-9379",
"datePublished": "2026-05-24T11:45:09.813Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-23T14:59:03.573Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-27T19:38:28.957Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation ID: MIT-5
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Phase: Operation
Description:
- Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Phase: System Configuration
Description:
- Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.