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CWE-79
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
CVE-2023-46208 (GCVE-0-2023-46208)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-27 20:28 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress Motors – Car Dealer & Classified Ads Plugin <= 1.4.6 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Summary
Unauth. Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in StylemixThemes Motors – Car Dealer, Classifieds & Listing plugin <= 1.4.6 versions.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/mot… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| StylemixThemes | Motors – Car Dealer, Classifieds & Listing |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 1.4.6
(custom)
|
Credits
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CVE-2023-46209 (GCVE-0-2023-46209)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-27 20:39 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress Grid Plus Plugin <= 1.3.2 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Summary
Unauth. Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in G5Theme Grid Plus – Unlimited grid plugin <= 1.3.2 versions.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/gri… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| G5Theme | Grid Plus – Unlimited grid layout |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 1.3.2
(custom)
|
Credits
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CVE-2023-46210 (GCVE-0-2023-46210)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-31 07:38 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress WC Captcha Plugin <= 1.4 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Summary
Auth. (admin+) Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in WebCource WC Captcha plugin <= 1.4 versions.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wc-… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WebCource | WC Captcha |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 1.4
(custom)
|
Credits
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CVE-2023-46211 (GCVE-0-2023-46211)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-27 20:22 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress Ultimate Addons for WPBakery Page Builder Plugin <= 3.19.14 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Summary
Auth. (contributor+) Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Brainstorm Force Ultimate Addons for WPBakery Page Builder plugin <= 3.19.14 versions.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/ult… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brainstorm Force | Ultimate Addons for WPBakery Page Builder |
Affected:
n/a , ≤ 3.19.14
(custom)
|
Credits
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CVE-2023-46213 (GCVE-0-2023-46213)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-11-16 20:15 – Updated: 2025-02-28 11:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) on “Show Syntax Highlighted” View in Search Page
Summary
In Splunk Enterprise versions below 9.0.7 and 9.1.2, ineffective escaping in the “Show syntax Highlighted” feature can result in the execution of unauthorized code in a user’s web browser.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
Assigner
References
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Splunk | Splunk Enterprise |
Affected:
9.0 , < 9.0.7
(custom)
Affected: 9.1 , < 9.1.2 (custom) |
|
| Splunk | Splunk Cloud |
Affected:
- , < 9.1.2308
(custom)
|
|
| splunk | splunk |
Affected:
9.0 , < 9.0.7
(semver)
Affected: 9.1 , < 9.1.2 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:splunk:splunk:*:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:* |
|
| splunk | splunk_cloud_platform |
Affected:
- , < 9.1.2308
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:splunk:splunk_cloud_platform:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2023-11-16 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2023-46235 (GCVE-0-2023-46235)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-31 14:25 – Updated: 2024-09-05 17:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FOG stored XSS on log screen via unsanitized request logging
Summary
FOG is a free open-source cloning/imaging/rescue suite/inventory management system. Prior to version 1.5.10.15, due to a lack of request sanitization in the logs, a malicious request containing XSS would be stored in a log file. When an administrator of the FOG server logged in and viewed the logs, they would be parsed as HTML and displayed accordingly. Version 1.5.10.15 contains a patch. As a workaround, view logs from an external text editor rather than the dashboard.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FOGProject/fogproject/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/FOGProject/fogproject/commit/2… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FOGProject | fogproject |
Affected:
< 1.5.10.15
|
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CVE-2023-46238 (GCVE-0-2023-46238)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-26 14:22 – Updated: 2024-09-17 14:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
XSS with User Avatar image in ZITADEL
Summary
ZITADEL is an identity infrastructure management system. ZITADEL users can upload their own avatar image using various image types including SVG. SVG can include scripts, such as javascript, which can be executed during rendering. Due to a missing security header, an attacker could inject code to an SVG to gain access to the victim’s account in certain scenarios. A victim would need to directly open the malicious image in the browser, where a single session in ZITADEL needs to be active for this exploit to work. If the possible victim had multiple or no active sessions in ZITADEL, the attack would not succeed. This issue has been patched in version 2.39.2 and 2.38.2.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.38.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.39.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2023-46251 (GCVE-0-2023-46251)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-11-06 17:41 – Updated: 2024-09-04 19:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Visual editor persistent Cross-site Scripting (XSS) in MyBB
Summary
MyBB is a free and open source forum software. Custom MyCode (BBCode) for the visual editor (_SCEditor_) doesn't escape input properly when rendering HTML, resulting in a DOM-based XSS vulnerability. This weakness can be exploited by pointing a victim to a page where the visual editor is active (e.g. as a post or Private Message) and operates on a maliciously crafted MyCode message. This may occur on pages where message content is pre-filled using a GET/POST parameter, or on reply pages where a previously saved malicious message is quoted. The impact is be mitigated when: 1. the visual editor is disabled globally (_Admin CP → Configuration → Settings → Clickable Smilies and BB Code: [Clickable MyCode Editor](https://github.com/mybb/mybb/blob/mybb_1836/install/resources/settings.xml#L2087-L2094)_ is set to _Off_), or 2. the visual editor is disabled for individual user accounts (_User CP → Your Profile → Edit Options_: _Show the MyCode formatting options on the posting pages_ checkbox is not checked). MyBB 1.8.37 resolves this issue with the commit `6dcaf0b4d`. Users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade may mitigate the impact without upgrading MyBB by changing the following setting (_Admin CP → Configuration → Settings_):
- _Clickable Smilies and BB Code → [Clickable MyCode Editor](https://github.com/mybb/mybb/blob/mybb_1836/install/resources/settings.xml#L2087-L2094)_: _Off_. Similarly, individual MyBB forum users are able to disable the visual editor by diabling the account option (_User CP → Your Profile → Edit Options_) _Show the MyCode formatting options on the posting pages_.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mybb/mybb/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mybb/mybb/commit/6dcaf0b4db625… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://mybb.com/versions/1.8.37/ | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2023-46252 (GCVE-0-2023-46252)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-11-07 19:00 – Updated: 2024-09-04 15:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via postMessage Handler in Squidex
Summary
Squidex is an open source headless CMS and content management hub. Affected versions are missing origin verification in a postMessage handler which introduces a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability. The editor-sdk.js file defines three different class-like functions, which employ a global message event listener: SquidexSidebar, SquidexWidget, and SquidexFormField. The registered event listener takes some action based on the type of the received message. For example, when the SquidexFormField receives a message with the type valueChanged, the value property is updated. The SquidexFormField class is for example used in the editor-editorjs.html file, which can be accessed via the public wwwroot folder. It uses the onValueChanged method to register a callback function, which passes the value provided from the message event to the editor.render. Passing an attacker-controlled value to this function introduces a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Squidex/squidex/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2023-46282 (GCVE-0-2023-46282)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-12-12 11:27 – Updated: 2025-01-14 10:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in Opcenter Execution Foundation (All versions < V2407), Opcenter Quality (All versions < V2312), SIMATIC PCS neo (All versions < V4.1), SINEC NMS (All versions < V2.0 SP1), Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V14 (All versions), Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V15.1 (All versions), Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V16 (All versions), Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V17 (All versions < V17 Update 8), Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V18 (All versions < V18 Update 3). A reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the web interface of the affected applications that could allow an attacker to inject arbitrary JavaScript code. The code could be potentially executed later by another (possibly privileged) user.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
9 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siemens | Opcenter Execution Foundation |
Affected:
0 , < V2407
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | Opcenter Quality |
Affected:
0 , < V2312
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | SIMATIC PCS neo |
Affected:
0 , < V4.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | SINEC NMS |
Affected:
0 , < V2.0 SP1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V14 |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V15.1 |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V16 |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V17 |
Affected:
0 , < V17 Update 8
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) V18 |
Affected:
0 , < V18 Update 3
(custom)
|
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Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Phases: Implementation, Architecture and Design
Description:
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation ID: MIT-6
Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation ID: MIT-30.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Description:
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation ID: MIT-43
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation ID: MIT-31
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation ID: MIT-5
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation ID: MIT-29
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Description:
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation ID: MIT-16
Phases: Operation, Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.