Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

11499 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-79MP-XXW2-FGF4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:29 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:29
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in dpdk in versions before 18.11.10 and before 19.11.5. A complete lack of validation of attacker-controlled parameters can lead to a buffer over read. The results of the over read are then written back to the guest virtual machine memory. This vulnerability can be used by an attacker in a virtual machine to read significant amounts of host memory. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality and system availability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-14377"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-09-30T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in dpdk in versions before 18.11.10 and before 19.11.5. A complete lack of validation of attacker-controlled parameters can lead to a buffer over read. The results of the over read are then written back to the guest virtual machine memory. This vulnerability can be used by an attacker in a virtual machine to read significant amounts of host memory. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality and system availability.",
  "id": "GHSA-79mp-xxw2-fgf4",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:29:48Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:29:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-14377"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1879472"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4550-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/09/28/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-10/msg00004.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-10/msg00006.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/01/04/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/01/04/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/01/04/5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-79QP-MXW3-P9VX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:42 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:42
VLAI
Details

The LLDP parser in tcpdump before 4.9.2 could enter an infinite loop due to a bug in print-lldp.c:lldp_private_8021_print().

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-12997"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-835"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-09-14T06:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The LLDP parser in tcpdump before 4.9.2 could enter an infinite loop due to a bug in print-lldp.c:lldp_private_8021_print().",
  "id": "GHSA-79qp-mxw3-p9vx",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:42:51Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:42:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12997"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/the-tcpdump-group/tcpdump/commit/34cec721d39c76be1e0a600829a7b17bdfb832b6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHEA-2018:0705"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201709-23"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208221"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3971"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100914"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039307"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.tcpdump.org/tcpdump-changes.txt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-79WG-VJ3X-CVH7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:17 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:17
VLAI
Details

This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on vulnerable installations of Foxit Reader 9.0.1.5096. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PDF documents. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-6221.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-14289"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-31T20:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on vulnerable installations of Foxit Reader 9.0.1.5096. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PDF documents. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-6221.",
  "id": "GHSA-79wg-vj3x-cvh7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:17:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:17:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14289"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.foxitsoftware.com/support/security-bulletins.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-18-749"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-79WW-5CVQ-F84F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-05 00:31 – Updated: 2023-12-08 21:30
VLAI
Details

In parse_gap_data of utils.cc, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-40083"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-04T23:15:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In parse_gap_data of utils.cc, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-79ww-5cvq-f84f",
  "modified": "2023-12-08T21:30:30Z",
  "published": "2023-12-05T00:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40083"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Bluetooth/+/a218e5be5e4049eae3b321f2a535a128d65d00b6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Bluetooth/+/ea81185c89097500559d61b3d49fb9633899e848"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2023-12-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-79X6-VR7J-WCM9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:46 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:46
VLAI
Details

An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in macOS Big Sur 11.2, Security Update 2021-001 Catalina, Security Update 2021-001 Mojave, watchOS 7.3, tvOS 14.4, iOS 14.4 and iPadOS 14.4. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-1757"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-04-02T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in macOS Big Sur 11.2, Security Update 2021-001 Catalina, Security Update 2021-001 Mojave, watchOS 7.3, tvOS 14.4, iOS 14.4 and iPadOS 14.4. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.",
  "id": "GHSA-79x6-vr7j-wcm9",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:46:17Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:46:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1757"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212146"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212147"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212148"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212149"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-7C28-PWP9-54G4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-18 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-18 15:30
VLAI
Details

Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Open Networking Foundation (ONF) libfluid (libfluid_msg module). This vulnerability is associated with program routine fluid_msg::of13::MultipartReplyGroupDesc::unpack.

This issue affects libfluid: 0.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-31192"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-18T14:15:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Open Networking Foundation (ONF) libfluid (libfluid_msg module). This vulnerability is associated with program routine fluid_msg::of13::MultipartReplyGroupDesc::unpack.\n\nThis issue affects libfluid: 0.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-7c28-pwp9-54g4",
  "modified": "2024-09-18T15:30:51Z",
  "published": "2024-09-18T15:30:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-31192"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability-advisories-cve-2024-31192"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7C32-9PJX-PJ89

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:51 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:34
VLAI
Details

tiffttopnm in netpbm 10.47.63 does not properly use the libtiff TIFFRGBAImageGet function, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and write) via a crafted tiff image file, related to transposing width and height values.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-5849"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-03-15T19:59:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "tiffttopnm in netpbm 10.47.63 does not properly use the libtiff TIFFRGBAImageGet function, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and write) via a crafted tiff image file, related to transposing width and height values.",
  "id": "GHSA-7c32-9pjx-pj89",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:34:10Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T02:51:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-5849"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/AF42A624FXVY3BYBHMAO6F2X7EJYHQE2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LDK3BDMKIQL2NQ3SJZXPBEN2LSOUSSEE"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/AF42A624FXVY3BYBHMAO6F2X7EJYHQE2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LDK3BDMKIQL2NQ3SJZXPBEN2LSOUSSEE"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://bugzilla.maptools.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2654"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://bugzilla.maptools.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2655"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2017/02/02/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96011"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7C38-252R-P43G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-16 12:30 – Updated: 2023-11-16 12:30
VLAI
Details

Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 23.006.20360 (and earlier) and 20.005.30524 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-44340"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-16T10:15:11Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 23.006.20360 (and earlier) and 20.005.30524 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
  "id": "GHSA-7c38-252r-p43g",
  "modified": "2023-11-16T12:30:21Z",
  "published": "2023-11-16T12:30:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-44340"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb23-54.htm"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7C39-9V6M-39RF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-08 03:31 – Updated: 2025-07-08 15:32
VLAI
Details

In wlan AP driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: WCNCR00418039; Issue ID: MSV-3477.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20691"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-08T03:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In wlan AP driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: WCNCR00418039; Issue ID: MSV-3477.",
  "id": "GHSA-7c39-9v6m-39rf",
  "modified": "2025-07-08T15:32:02Z",
  "published": "2025-07-08T03:31:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20691"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/July-2025"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7C6H-FGVG-XW96

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 15:31 – Updated: 2026-05-19 21:32
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

hwmon: (pmbus/q54sj108a2) fix stack overflow in debugfs read

The q54sj108a2_debugfs_read function suffers from a stack buffer overflow due to incorrect arguments passed to bin2hex(). The function currently passes 'data' as the destination and 'data_char' as the source.

Because bin2hex() converts each input byte into two hex characters, a 32-byte block read results in 64 bytes of output. Since 'data' is only 34 bytes (I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX + 2), this writes 30 bytes past the end of the buffer onto the stack.

Additionally, the arguments were swapped: it was reading from the zero-initialized 'data_char' and writing to 'data', resulting in all-zero output regardless of the actual I2C read.

Fix this by: 1. Expanding 'data_char' to 66 bytes to safely hold the hex output. 2. Correcting the bin2hex() argument order and using the actual read count. 3. Using a pointer to select the correct output buffer for the final simple_read_from_buffer call.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-43380"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-08T15:16:49Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nhwmon: (pmbus/q54sj108a2) fix stack overflow in debugfs read\n\nThe q54sj108a2_debugfs_read function suffers from a stack buffer overflow\ndue to incorrect arguments passed to bin2hex(). The function currently\npasses \u0027data\u0027 as the destination and \u0027data_char\u0027 as the source.\n\nBecause bin2hex() converts each input byte into two hex characters, a\n32-byte block read results in 64 bytes of output. Since \u0027data\u0027 is only\n34 bytes (I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX + 2), this writes 30 bytes past the end\nof the buffer onto the stack.\n\nAdditionally, the arguments were swapped: it was reading from the\nzero-initialized \u0027data_char\u0027 and writing to \u0027data\u0027, resulting in\nall-zero output regardless of the actual I2C read.\n\nFix this by:\n1. Expanding \u0027data_char\u0027 to 66 bytes to safely hold the hex output.\n2. Correcting the bin2hex() argument order and using the actual read count.\n3. Using a pointer to select the correct output buffer for the final\n   simple_read_from_buffer call.",
  "id": "GHSA-7c6h-fgvg-xw96",
  "modified": "2026-05-19T21:32:02Z",
  "published": "2026-05-08T15:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43380"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/24a7b9daa103fa963b3fd37d8805b23e01621976"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/25dd70a03b1f5f3aa71e1a5091ecd9cd2a13ee43"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/52db5ef163c96f916d424e472fb17aadc35a9f7a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/73a7a345816946d276ad2c46c8bb771de67cfc46"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a0fc1b9c738fba231f190ab960c83202722efee5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b48a0f8d4541a4f6651dc9a64430ce9fdf5c120b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c59090c50f62a17129fc4c5407bc4071305a9e82"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.