CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11405 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9VX6-7XXF-X967
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-29 20:09 – Updated: 2025-12-04 22:49Impact
The Base64.encode function encodes a bytes input by iterating over it in chunks of 3 bytes. When this input is not a multiple of 3, the last iteration may read parts of the memory that are beyond the input buffer.
Although the encode function pads the output for these cases, up to 4 bits of data are kept between the encoding and padding, corrupting the output if these bits were dirty (i.e. memory after the input is not 0). These conditions are more frequent in the following scenarios:
- A
bytes memorystruct is allocated just after the input and the first bytes of it are non-zero. - The memory pointer is set to a non-empty memory location before allocating the input.
Developers should evaluate whether the extra bits can be maliciously manipulated by an attacker.
Patches
Upgrade to 5.0.2 or 4.9.6.
References
This issue was reported by the Independent Security Researcher Riley Holterhus through Immunefi (@rileyholterhus on X)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@openzeppelin/contracts"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.9.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-rc.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@openzeppelin/contracts"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-rc.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.9.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-27094"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-29T20:09:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-21T02:52:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe `Base64.encode` function encodes a `bytes` input by iterating over it in chunks of 3 bytes. When this input is not a multiple of 3, the last iteration may read parts of the memory that are beyond the input buffer.\n\nAlthough the `encode` function pads the output for these cases, up to 4 bits of data are kept between the encoding and padding, corrupting the output if these bits were dirty (i.e. memory after the input is not 0). These conditions are more frequent in the following scenarios:\n\n- A `bytes memory` struct is allocated just after the input and the first bytes of it are non-zero.\n- The memory pointer is set to a non-empty memory location before allocating the input.\n\nDevelopers should evaluate whether the extra bits can be maliciously manipulated by an attacker.\n\n### Patches\n\nUpgrade to 5.0.2 or 4.9.6.\n\n### References\n\nThis issue was reported by the Independent Security Researcher Riley Holterhus through Immunefi (@rileyholterhus on X)",
"id": "GHSA-9vx6-7xxf-x967",
"modified": "2025-12-04T22:49:19Z",
"published": "2024-02-29T20:09:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/security/advisories/GHSA-9vx6-7xxf-x967"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27094"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/commit/2d081f24cac1a867f6f73d512f2022e1fa987854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/commit/723f8cab09cdae1aca9ec9cc1cfa040c2d4b06c1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/commit/92224533b1263772b0774eec3134e132a3d7b2a6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/commit/a6286d0fded8771b3a645e5813e51993c490399c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OpenZeppelin Contracts base64 encoding may read from potentially dirty memory"
}
GHSA-9W2X-2V2J-C5MR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:57 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:04In NFC, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10Android ID: A-120428637
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-9246"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-27T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In NFC, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10Android ID: A-120428637",
"id": "GHSA-9w2x-2v2j-c5mr",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:04:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:57:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9246"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/android-10"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9W4C-J8RV-92HW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-30 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-11 00:02ASDA-Soft: Version 5.4.1.0 and prior does not properly sanitize input while processing a specific project file, allowing a possible out-of-bounds read condition.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1402"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-29T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "ASDA-Soft: Version 5.4.1.0 and prior does not properly sanitize input while processing a specific project file, allowing a possible out-of-bounds read condition.",
"id": "GHSA-9w4c-j8rv-92hw",
"modified": "2022-05-11T00:02:03Z",
"published": "2022-04-30T00:00:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1402"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-22-111-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9W4W-2CPW-G65C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-14 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:28An issue was discovered in Exynos Mobile Processor, Automotive Processor and Modem for Exynos Modem 5123, Exynos Modem 5300, Exynos 980, Exynos 1080, Exynos 9110, and Exynos Auto T5123. Memory corruption can occur due to insufficient parameter validation while decoding SIP multipart messages.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-29089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-14T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Exynos Mobile Processor, Automotive Processor and Modem for Exynos Modem 5123, Exynos Modem 5300, Exynos 980, Exynos 1080, Exynos 9110, and Exynos Auto T5123. Memory corruption can occur due to insufficient parameter validation while decoding SIP multipart messages.",
"id": "GHSA-9w4w-2cpw-g65c",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:28:38Z",
"published": "2023-04-14T21:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/support/quality-support/product-security-updates"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/172292/Shannon-Baseband-Negative-Size-Memcpy-Out-Of-Bounds-Read.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9W6G-R3RJ-G5XG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-19 03:31 – Updated: 2025-05-06 21:30An out-of-bounds read vulnerability in WLAvalancheService component of Ivanti Avalanche before 6.4.3, in certain conditions can allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to read sensitive information in memory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-23526"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-19T02:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An out-of-bounds read vulnerability in WLAvalancheService component of Ivanti Avalanche before 6.4.3, in certain conditions can allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to read sensitive information in memory.",
"id": "GHSA-9w6g-r3rj-g5xg",
"modified": "2025-05-06T21:30:41Z",
"published": "2024-04-19T03:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23526"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/Avalanche-6-4-3-Security-Hardening-and-CVEs-addressed?language=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9W8Q-2HWQ-VVH7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:41 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:41Adobe Photoshop versions 21.2.4 (and earlier) and 22.1.1 (and earlier) are affected by an Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability when parsing a specially crafted file. An unauthenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to achieve arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21049"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-11T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Adobe Photoshop versions 21.2.4 (and earlier) and 22.1.1 (and earlier) are affected by an Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability when parsing a specially crafted file. An unauthenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to achieve arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-9w8q-2hwq-vvh7",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:41:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:41:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21049"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/photoshop/apsb21-10.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9WCW-PWRH-5Q9Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:37 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:37An issue was discovered in Adobe Acrobat Reader 2018.009.20050 and earlier versions, 2017.011.30070 and earlier versions, 2015.006.30394 and earlier versions. This vulnerability occurs as a result of computation that reads data that is past the end of the target buffer; the computation is part of the TTF font processing in the XPS module. A successful attack can lead to sensitive data exposure.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-4908"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-02-27T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Adobe Acrobat Reader 2018.009.20050 and earlier versions, 2017.011.30070 and earlier versions, 2015.006.30394 and earlier versions. This vulnerability occurs as a result of computation that reads data that is past the end of the target buffer; the computation is part of the TTF font processing in the XPS module. A successful attack can lead to sensitive data exposure.",
"id": "GHSA-9wcw-pwrh-5q9q",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:37:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:37:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-4908"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb18-02.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102996"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040364"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9WFM-Q59X-QC3X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:04 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:04The eBPF ALU32 bounds tracking for bitwise ops (AND, OR and XOR) in the Linux kernel did not properly update 32-bit bounds, which could be turned into out of bounds reads and writes in the Linux kernel and therefore, arbitrary code execution. This issue was fixed via commit 049c4e13714e ("bpf: Fix alu32 const subreg bound tracking on bitwise operations") (v5.13-rc4) and backported to the stable kernels in v5.12.4, v5.11.21, and v5.10.37. The AND/OR issues were introduced by commit 3f50f132d840 ("bpf: Verifier, do explicit ALU32 bounds tracking") (5.7-rc1) and the XOR variant was introduced by 2921c90d4718 ("bpf:Fix a verifier failure with xor") ( 5.10-rc1).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3490"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-04T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The eBPF ALU32 bounds tracking for bitwise ops (AND, OR and XOR) in the Linux kernel did not properly update 32-bit bounds, which could be turned into out of bounds reads and writes in the Linux kernel and therefore, arbitrary code execution. This issue was fixed via commit 049c4e13714e (\"bpf: Fix alu32 const subreg bound tracking on bitwise operations\") (v5.13-rc4) and backported to the stable kernels in v5.12.4, v5.11.21, and v5.10.37. The AND/OR issues were introduced by commit 3f50f132d840 (\"bpf: Verifier, do explicit ALU32 bounds tracking\") (5.7-rc1) and the XOR variant was introduced by 2921c90d4718 (\"bpf:Fix a verifier failure with xor\") ( 5.10-rc1).",
"id": "GHSA-9wfm-q59x-qc3x",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:04:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:04:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3490"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf.git/commit/?id=049c4e13714ecbca567b4d5f6d563f05d431c80e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210716-0004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-4949-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-4950-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/05/11/11"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-606"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/164015/Linux-eBPF-ALU32-32-bit-Invalid-Bounds-Tracking-Local-Privilege-Escalation.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9WFX-9R7G-42WV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 00:52 – Updated: 2022-05-14 00:52Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2019.008.20081 and earlier, 2019.008.20080 and earlier, 2019.008.20081 and earlier, 2017.011.30106 and earlier version, 2017.011.30105 and earlier version, 2015.006.30457 and earlier, and 2015.006.30456 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-16023"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-18T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2019.008.20081 and earlier, 2019.008.20080 and earlier, 2019.008.20081 and earlier, 2017.011.30106 and earlier version, 2017.011.30105 and earlier version, 2015.006.30457 and earlier, and 2015.006.30456 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-9wfx-9r7g-42wv",
"modified": "2022-05-14T00:52:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T00:52:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16023"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb18-41.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106162"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9WG4-J633-P42J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:47 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:47The read_next_pam_token function in imagew-pnm.c in libimageworsener.a in ImageWorsener 1.3.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (stack-based buffer over-read) via a crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-7939"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-04-18T19:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The read_next_pam_token function in imagew-pnm.c in libimageworsener.a in ImageWorsener 1.3.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (stack-based buffer over-read) via a crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-9wg4-j633-p42j",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:47:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:47:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-7939"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jsummers/imageworsener/issues/13"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201706-06"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.