Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-131
AllowedIncorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer, which could lead to a buffer overflow.
270 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-20049 (GCVE-0-2026-20049)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 17:22 – Updated: 2026-03-04 20:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability in the processing of Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)-encrypted Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) IPsec traffic of Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition on an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to the allocation of an insufficiently sized block of memory. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted GCM-encrypted IPsec traffic to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause an unexpected reload of the device, resulting in a DoS condition. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid credentials to establish a VPN connection with the affected device.
Severity
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software |
Affected:
9.12.4.7
Affected: 9.12.4.10 Affected: 9.12.4.13 Affected: 9.12.4.8 Affected: 9.12.4.18 Affected: 9.12.4.24 Affected: 9.12.4.26 Affected: 9.12.4.29 Affected: 9.12.4.30 Affected: 9.12.4.35 Affected: 9.12.4.37 Affected: 9.12.4.38 Affected: 9.12.4.39 Affected: 9.12.4.40 Affected: 9.12.4.41 Affected: 9.12.4.47 Affected: 9.12.4.48 Affected: 9.12.4.50 Affected: 9.12.4.52 Affected: 9.12.4.54 Affected: 9.12.4.55 Affected: 9.12.4.56 Affected: 9.12.4.58 Affected: 9.12.4.62 Affected: 9.12.4.65 Affected: 9.12.4.67 Affected: 9.16.1 Affected: 9.16.1.28 Affected: 9.16.2 Affected: 9.16.2.3 Affected: 9.16.2.7 Affected: 9.16.2.11 Affected: 9.16.2.13 Affected: 9.16.2.14 Affected: 9.16.3 Affected: 9.16.3.3 Affected: 9.16.3.14 Affected: 9.16.3.15 Affected: 9.16.3.19 Affected: 9.16.3.23 Affected: 9.16.4 Affected: 9.16.4.9 Affected: 9.16.4.14 Affected: 9.16.4.19 Affected: 9.16.4.27 Affected: 9.16.4.38 Affected: 9.16.4.39 Affected: 9.16.4.42 Affected: 9.16.4.48 Affected: 9.16.4.55 Affected: 9.16.4.57 Affected: 9.16.4.61 Affected: 9.16.4.62 Affected: 9.16.4.67 Affected: 9.16.4.70 Affected: 9.16.4.71 Affected: 9.16.4.76 Affected: 9.16.4.82 Affected: 9.16.4.84 Affected: 9.17.1 Affected: 9.17.1.7 Affected: 9.17.1.9 Affected: 9.17.1.10 Affected: 9.17.1.11 Affected: 9.17.1.13 Affected: 9.17.1.15 Affected: 9.17.1.20 Affected: 9.17.1.30 Affected: 9.17.1.33 Affected: 9.17.1.39 Affected: 9.17.1.45 Affected: 9.17.1.46 Affected: 9.18.1 Affected: 9.18.1.3 Affected: 9.18.2 Affected: 9.18.2.5 Affected: 9.18.2.7 Affected: 9.18.2.8 Affected: 9.18.3 Affected: 9.18.3.39 Affected: 9.18.3.46 Affected: 9.18.3.53 Affected: 9.18.3.55 Affected: 9.18.3.56 Affected: 9.18.4 Affected: 9.18.4.5 Affected: 9.18.4.8 Affected: 9.18.4.22 Affected: 9.18.4.24 Affected: 9.18.4.29 Affected: 9.18.4.34 Affected: 9.18.4.40 Affected: 9.18.4.47 Affected: 9.18.4.50 Affected: 9.18.4.52 Affected: 9.18.4.53 Affected: 9.18.4.57 Affected: 9.19.1 Affected: 9.19.1.5 Affected: 9.19.1.9 Affected: 9.19.1.12 Affected: 9.19.1.18 Affected: 9.19.1.22 Affected: 9.19.1.24 Affected: 9.19.1.27 Affected: 9.19.1.28 Affected: 9.19.1.31 Affected: 9.19.1.37 Affected: 9.19.1.38 Affected: 9.19.1.42 Affected: 9.20.1 Affected: 9.20.1.5 Affected: 9.20.2 Affected: 9.20.2.10 Affected: 9.20.2.21 Affected: 9.20.2.22 Affected: 9.20.3 Affected: 9.20.3.4 Affected: 9.20.3.7 Affected: 9.20.3.9 Affected: 9.20.3.10 Affected: 9.20.3.13 Affected: 9.20.3.16 Affected: 9.20.3.20 Affected: 9.22.1.1 Affected: 9.22.1.3 Affected: 9.22.1.2 Affected: 9.22.1.6 Affected: 9.22.2 Affected: 9.23.1 Affected: 9.23.1.3 |
|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software |
Affected:
6.4.0.10
Affected: 6.4.0.11 Affected: 6.4.0.12 Affected: 6.4.0.13 Affected: 6.4.0.14 Affected: 6.4.0.15 Affected: 6.4.0.16 Affected: 6.4.0.17 Affected: 6.4.0.18 Affected: 7.0.0 Affected: 7.0.0.1 Affected: 7.0.1 Affected: 7.0.1.1 Affected: 7.0.2 Affected: 7.0.2.1 Affected: 7.0.3 Affected: 7.0.4 Affected: 7.0.5 Affected: 7.0.6 Affected: 7.0.6.1 Affected: 7.0.6.2 Affected: 7.0.6.3 Affected: 7.0.7 Affected: 7.0.8 Affected: 7.0.8.1 Affected: 7.1.0 Affected: 7.1.0.1 Affected: 7.1.0.2 Affected: 7.1.0.3 Affected: 7.2.0 Affected: 7.2.0.1 Affected: 7.2.1 Affected: 7.2.2 Affected: 7.2.3 Affected: 7.2.4 Affected: 7.2.4.1 Affected: 7.2.5 Affected: 7.2.5.1 Affected: 7.2.6 Affected: 7.2.7 Affected: 7.2.5.2 Affected: 7.2.8 Affected: 7.2.8.1 Affected: 7.2.9 Affected: 7.2.10 Affected: 7.2.10.2 Affected: 7.3.0 Affected: 7.3.1 Affected: 7.3.1.1 Affected: 7.3.1.2 Affected: 7.4.0 Affected: 7.4.1 Affected: 7.4.1.1 Affected: 7.4.2 Affected: 7.4.2.1 Affected: 7.4.2.2 Affected: 7.4.2.3 Affected: 7.4.2.4 Affected: 7.6.0 Affected: 7.6.1 Affected: 7.6.2 Affected: 7.6.2.1 Affected: 7.7.0 Affected: 7.7.10 Affected: 7.7.10.1 |
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"descriptions": [
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CVE-2026-11604 (GCVE-0-2026-11604)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 21:04 – Updated: 2026-06-11 13:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An incorrect buffer size calculation in the epoch key generator in OpenVPN ovpn-dco-win version 2.0.0 through 2.8.3 allows a remote authenticated peer to trigger a heap-based buffer overflow and kernel memory corruption via a crafted data packet, resulting in a system crash (denial of service).
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenVPN/ovpn-dco-win/releases | product |
| https://community.openvpn.net/Security%20Announce… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenVPN | ovpn-dco-win |
Affected:
2.0.0 , ≤ 2.5.8
(semver)
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CVE-2026-2738 (GCVE-0-2026-2738)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 20:00 – Updated: 2026-02-20 20:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Buffer overflow in ovpn‑dco‑win version 2.8.0 allows local attackers to cause a system crash by sending too large packets to the remote peer when the AEAD tag appears at the end of the encrypted packet
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://community.openvpn.net/Security%20Announce… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
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| OpenVPN | ovpn-dco-win |
Affected:
2.8.0
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CVE-2026-1949 (GCVE-0-2026-1949)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 05:50 – Updated: 2026-04-24 15:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Incorrect calculation of buffer size on the stack in AS320T
Summary
Delta Electronics AS320T has incorrect calculation of the buffer size on the stack in the GET/PUT request handler of the web service.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
Date Public
2026-04-24 05:26
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CVE-2026-1188 (GCVE-0-2026-1188)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-29 08:36 – Updated: 2026-01-29 16:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
In the Eclipse OMR port library component since release 0.2.0, an API function to return the textual names of all supported processor features was not accounting for the separator inserted between processor features. If the output buffer supplied to this function was incorrectly sized, failing to account for the separator when determining when a write to the buffer was safe could lead to a buffer overflow. This issue is fixed in Eclipse OMR version 0.8.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eclipse Foundation | Eclipse OMR |
Affected:
0.2.0 , < 0.8.0
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-0280 (GCVE-0-2026-0280)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 19:05 – Updated: 2026-07-09 19:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PAN-OS: IPv6 Firewall Policy Bypass
Summary
An IPv6 packet processing vulnerability in the dataplane of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker to bypass firewall security policy enforcement, allowing network traffic that should be blocked to reach protected services.
Cloud NGFW and Panorama are not impacted by this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2026-0280 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palo Alto Networks | Cloud NGFW |
Unaffected:
All
(custom)
|
|
| Palo Alto Networks | PAN-OS |
Affected:
12.1.0 , < 12.1.8
(custom)
Affected: 11.2.0 , < 11.2.13 (custom) Affected: 11.1.0 , < 11.1.16 (custom) Affected: 10.2.0 , < 10.2.18-h8 (custom) cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h15:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h14:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h13:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h12:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h11:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h17:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h15:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h14:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h12:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h11:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h9:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.4:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.13:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.13:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.13:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.13:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.13:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.13:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h26:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h25:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h21:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h12:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h9:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.10:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h32:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h29:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h25:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h23:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h22:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h21:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h20:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h19:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h18:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h17:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h14:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.6:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h33:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h32:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h27:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h25:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h18:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h17:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h15:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h13:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h12:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h11:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h9:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.4:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.18:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.18:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.18:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.18:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.16:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.16:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.16:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.16:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.16:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h21:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h18:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h16:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h15:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.13:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h36:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h31:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h30:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h27:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h26:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h23:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h21:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h18:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h17:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h14:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h13:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h12:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h11:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h9:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.10:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h34:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h32:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h24:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h23:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h22:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h21:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h20:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h19:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h18:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h17:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h16:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h15:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h14:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h13:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h12:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h11:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h10:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h9:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Panorama |
Unaffected:
All
(custom)
|
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access |
Affected:
11.2.0 , < 11.2.7-h18
(custom)
Affected: 10.2.0 , < 10.2.10-h39 (custom) |
Date Public
2026-07-08 16:00
Credits
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-0280",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-07-09T19:23:50.545835Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-09T19:23:56.125Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Cloud NGFW",
"vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
"versions": [
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "All",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
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}
],
"value": "Version\nMinor Version\nSuggested Solution\nCloud NGFW\nNo action needed.\n PAN-OS 12.1\n\n 12.1.5 through 12.1.7-h*\n Upgrade to 12.1.7-h2 or 12.1.8 or later.\n \n \n 12.1.2 through 12.1.4-h*\n Upgrade to 12.1.4-h8 or 12.1.8 or later.\n \n PAN-OS 11.2\n\n 11.2.11 through 11.2.12\n Upgrade to 11.2.13 or later.\n \n \n 11.2.8 through 11.2.10-h*\n Upgrade to 11.2.10-h11 or 11.2.13 or later.\n \n \n 11.2.5 through 11.2.7-h*\n Upgrade to 11.2.7-h18 or 11.2.13 or later.\n \n \n 11.2.0 through 11.2.4-h*\n Upgrade to 11.2.4-h20 or 11.2.13 or later.\n \n PAN-OS 11.1\n\n 11.1.14 through 11.1.15\n Upgrade to 11.1.16 or later.\n \n \n 11.1.11 through 11.1.13-h*\n Upgrade to 11.1.13-h9 or 11.1.16 or later.\n \n \n 11.1.8 through 11.1.10-h*\n Upgrade to 11.1.10-h30 or 11.1.16 or later.\n \n \n 11.1.7 through 11.1.7-h*\n Upgrade to 11.1.7-h8 or 11.1.16 or later.\n \n \n 11.1.5 through 11.1.6-h*\n Upgrade to 11.1.6-h35 or 11.1.16 or later.\n \n \n 11.1.0 through 11.1.4-h*\n Upgrade to 11.1.4-h35 or 11.1.16 or later.\n \n PAN-OS 10.2\n\n 10.2.17 through 10.2.18-h*\n Upgrade to 10.2.18-h8 or later.\n \n \n 10.2.14 through 10.2.16-h*\n Upgrade to 10.2.16-h9 or later.\n \n \n 10.2.11 through 10.2.13-h*\n Upgrade to 10.2.13-h23 or later.\n \n \n 10.2.8 through 10.2.10-h*\n Upgrade to 10.2.10-h39 or later.\n \n \n 10.2.0 through 10.2.7-h*\n Upgrade to 10.2.7-h36 or later.\n All older\nunsupported\nPAN-OS versions\u00a0Upgrade to a supported fixed version.Prisma Access 11.2\n11.2.0 through 11.2.7Upgrade to 11.2.7-h18 or later.*Prisma Access 10.210.2.0 through 10.2.10Upgrade to 10.2.10-h39 or later.*\n\n* See the note under Product Status for information regarding Prisma Access upgrades."
}
],
"source": {
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-07-08T16:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Initial Publication"
}
],
"title": "PAN-OS: IPv6 Firewall Policy Bypass",
"workarounds": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003eThe only way to completely address this vulnerability is to upgrade to a fixed version. However, if operationally feasible for your environment, risk can be mitigated by enabling the default \"Non SYN TCP Reject\" setting via the following command:\u2003\u003c/p\u003e\u2003set deviceconfig setting session tcp-reject-non-syn yes"
}
],
"value": "The only way to completely address this vulnerability is to upgrade to a fixed version. However, if operationally feasible for your environment, risk can be mitigated by enabling the default \"Non SYN TCP Reject\" setting via the following command:\u2003\n\n\u2003set deviceconfig setting session tcp-reject-non-syn yes"
}
],
"x_affectedList": [
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"PAN-OS 12.1.6",
"PAN-OS 12.1.5",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h6",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h5",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h3",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h2",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4",
"PAN-OS 12.1.3-h3",
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"PAN-OS 12.1.3",
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],
"x_generator": {
"engine": "Vulnogram 0.1.0-dev"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0",
"assignerShortName": "palo_alto",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-0280",
"datePublished": "2026-07-09T19:05:24.367Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-11-03T20:44:39.119Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-09T19:23:56.125Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
CVE-2025-66216 (GCVE-0-2025-66216)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-29 01:57 – Updated: 2025-12-01 14:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AIS-catcher has a Buffer Overflow vulnerability in `AIS::Message` leading to DoS/RCE
Summary
AIS-catcher is a multi-platform AIS receiver. Prior to version 0.64, a heap buffer overflow vulnerability has been identified in the AIS::Message class of AIS-catcher. This vulnerability allows an attacker to write approximately 1KB of arbitrary data into a 128-byte buffer. This issue has been patched in version 0.64.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jvde-github/AIS-catcher/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/jvde-github/AIS-catcher/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jvde-github | AIS-catcher |
Affected:
< 0.64
|
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"id": "CVE-2025-66216",
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"Technical Impact": "total"
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CVE-2025-62550 (GCVE-0-2025-62550)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-09 17:55 – Updated: 2026-04-16 14:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Azure Monitor Agent Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds write in Azure Monitor Agent allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Azure Monitor |
Affected:
1.0.0 , < 1.35.9
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-12-09 08:00
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CVE-2025-61661 (GCVE-0-2025-61661)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-18 18:20 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Grub2: grub2: out-of-bounds write via malicious usb device
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader) component. This flaw occurs because the bootloader mishandles string conversion when reading information from a USB device, allowing an attacker to exploit inconsistent length values. A local attacker can connect a maliciously configured USB device during the boot sequence to trigger this issue. A successful exploitation may lead GRUB to crash, leading to a Denial of Service. Data corruption may be also possible, although given the complexity of the exploit the impact is most likely limited.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-61661 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2413827 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/11/18/8 |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GNU | grub2 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.14
(semver)
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4 |
Date Public
2025-11-18 00:00
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CVE-2025-57807 (GCVE-0-2025-57807)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-05 21:16 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ImageMagick BlobStream Forward-Seek Under-Allocation
Summary
ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. ImageMagick versions lower than 14.8.2 include insecure functions: SeekBlob(), which permits advancing the stream offset beyond the current end without increasing capacity, and WriteBlob(), which then expands by quantum + length (amortized) instead of offset + length, and copies to data + offset. When offset ≫ extent, the copy targets memory beyond the allocation, producing a deterministic heap write on 64-bit builds. No 2⁶⁴ arithmetic wrap, external delegates, or policy settings are required. This is fixed in version 14.8.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ImageMagick | ImageMagick |
Affected:
< 14.8.2
|
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Mitigation
Implementation
When allocating a buffer for the purpose of transforming, converting, or encoding an input, allocate enough memory to handle the largest possible encoding. For example, in a routine that converts "&" characters to "&" for HTML entity encoding, the output buffer needs to be at least 5 times as large as the input buffer.
Mitigation MIT-36
Implementation
- Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
- Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-8
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Implementation
When processing structured incoming data containing a size field followed by raw data, identify and resolve any inconsistencies between the size field and the actual size of the data (CWE-130).
Mitigation
Implementation
When allocating memory that uses sentinels to mark the end of a data structure - such as NUL bytes in strings - make sure you also include the sentinel in your calculation of the total amount of memory that must be allocated.
Mitigation MIT-13
Implementation
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use sizeof() on the appropriate data type to avoid CWE-467.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use the appropriate type for the desired action. For example, in C/C++, only use unsigned types for values that could never be negative, such as height, width, or other numbers related to quantity. This will simplify validation and will reduce surprises related to unexpected casting.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences, or buffer allocation routines that automatically track buffer size.
- Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-10
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-26
Implementation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.