Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-285
DiscouragedImproper Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
2642 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-10212 (GCVE-0-2026-10212)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-01 01:30 – Updated: 2026-06-01 15:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AstrBotDevs AstrBot astr_main_agent.py astr_main_agent authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in AstrBotDevs AstrBot 4.24.2. This affects the function astr_main_agent of the file astrbot/core/astr_main_agent.py. Such manipulation of the argument session_id leads to authorization bypass. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-01 15:14 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367491 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367491/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-10212 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/821923 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/91a7f955143099… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AstrBotDevs | AstrBot |
Affected:
4.24.2
cpe:2.3:a:astrbot:astrbot:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-10211 (GCVE-0-2026-10211)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-01 01:15 – Updated: 2026-06-01 14:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AstrBotDevs AstrBot fs.py _normalize_rw_path authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in AstrBotDevs AstrBot 4.23.6. Affected by this issue is the function _normalize_rw_path of the file astrbot/core/tools/computer_tools/fs.py. This manipulation causes incorrect authorization. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-01 14:58 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367490 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367490/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-10211 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/821921 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/b5e4671ff68e4f… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AstrBotDevs | AstrBot |
Affected:
4.23.6
cpe:2.3:a:astrbot:astrbot:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-10154 (GCVE-0-2026-10154)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-30 23:00 – Updated: 2026-06-01 15:07 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Dolibarr ERP CRM messaging.php authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Dolibarr ERP CRM 23.0.0/23.0.1/23.0.2. The affected element is an unknown function of the file htdocs/user/messaging.php. Such manipulation of the argument ID leads to authorization bypass. The attack can be executed remotely. Upgrading to version 23.0.3 is sufficient to fix this issue. The name of the patch is 119b3606c7a701747a57a1f18b1a9e7666f678e2. It is suggested to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-01 15:07 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367407 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367407/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/818838 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/dolibarr/dolibarr/commit/119b3… | patch |
| https://github.com/Dolibarr/dolibarr/releases/tag… | patch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-10070 (GCVE-0-2026-10070)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-29 16:15 – Updated: 2026-05-29 18:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
macrozheng mall Super Admin Password update improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was found in macrozheng mall up to 1.0.3. This affects an unknown function of the file /admin/update/ of the component Super Admin Password Handler. Performing a manipulation results in improper authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The vendor deleted the GitHub issue for this vulnerability without any explanation. Afterwards the vendor was contacted early about this disclosure via email but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-29 18:20 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367156 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/367156/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/818384 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/macrozheng/mall/issues/970 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/macrozheng/mall/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| macrozheng | mall |
Affected:
1.0.0
Affected: 1.0.1 Affected: 1.0.2 Affected: 1.0.3 cpe:2.3:a:macrozheng:mall:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-10030 (GCVE-0-2026-10030)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 15:47 – Updated: 2026-09-18 16:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM MQ Console is vulnerable to privilege escalation
Summary
IBM MQ Console allows authenticated non-administrative users to create and start queue managers due to improper authorization checks.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 16:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7284894 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | MQ |
Affected:
9.3.0.0 , ≤ 9.3.0.41 LTS
(semver)
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CVE-2026-9484 (GCVE-0-2026-9484)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-25 19:00 – Updated: 2026-05-27 18:34 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Grades Management System classroom.php removeStudentFromClassroom improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in SourceCodester Student Grades Management System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is the function getClassroomStudents/removeStudentFromClassroom of the file classroom.php. Executing a manipulation of the argument classroom_id can lead to improper authorization. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-27 18:34 UTC
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365465 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365465/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/814038 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/814039 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/814042 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Jack-MRJ/Student-Grades-Manage… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Grades Management System |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:sourcecodester:student_grades_management_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9483 (GCVE-0-2026-9483)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-25 18:45 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:02 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Grades Management System grades.php improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Student Grades Management System 1.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file grades.php. Performing a manipulation of the argument student_id results in improper authorization. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-26 13:01 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365464 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365464/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/814037 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Jack-MRJ/Student-Grades-Manage… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Grades Management System |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:sourcecodester:student_grades_management_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9410 (GCVE-0-2026-9410)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-25 00:30 – Updated: 2026-05-29 15:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sushmi-pal Invoice-System Profile Workflow profile improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Sushmi-pal Invoice-System up to a0a3faa16dee2621b231ae227333f5761607283b. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /profile of the component Profile Workflow. Such manipulation of the argument ID leads to improper authorization. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. This product takes the approach of rolling releases to provide continious delivery. Therefore, version details for affected and updated releases are not available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-29 15:35 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365391 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365391/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/813606 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/c4ttr4ck/c35c134709743deb… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sushmi-pal | Invoice-System |
Affected:
a0a3faa16dee2621b231ae227333f5761607283b
cpe:2.3:a:sushmi-pal:invoice-system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9409 (GCVE-0-2026-9409)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-25 00:15 – Updated: 2026-05-26 14:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sushmi-pal Invoice-System User Management user improper authorization
Summary
A flaw has been found in Sushmi-pal Invoice-System up to a0a3faa16dee2621b231ae227333f5761607283b. This affects an unknown part of the file /user of the component User Management Handler. This manipulation of the argument role causes improper authorization. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-26 14:38 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365390 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365390/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/813605 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/c4ttr4ck/c891dd0fa550e910… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sushmi-pal | Invoice-System |
Affected:
a0a3faa16dee2621b231ae227333f5761607283b
cpe:2.3:a:sushmi-pal:invoice-system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-9397 (GCVE-0-2026-9397)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 20:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 14:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Besen BS20 EV Charging Station OTA Update Installation improper authorization
Summary
A weakness has been identified in Besen BS20 EV Charging Station up to 20260426. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component OTA Update Installation Handler. This manipulation causes improper authorization. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. A high degree of complexity is needed for the attack. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The original disclosure mentions, that "[t]hese vulnerabilities have been reported to Besen and we have received their acknowlegement that they are reviewing this as of April 2026."
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-26 14:37 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365378 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365378/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/813576 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/carfeii/besen#finding-4-unauth… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Besen | BS20 EV Charging Station |
Affected:
20260426
cpe:2.3:a:besen:bs20_ev_charging_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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{
"cweId": "CWE-266",
"description": "Incorrect Privilege Assignment",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-24T20:30:10.350Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-365378 | Besen BS20 EV Charging Station OTA Update Installation improper authorization",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365378"
},
{
"name": "VDB-365378 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365378/cti"
},
{
"name": "Submit #813576 | Besen EV Charging Station BS20 EV Charger Embedded Malicious Code",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/813576"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/carfeii/besen#finding-4-unauthorized-firmware-installation-via-spoofed-ota-updates"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-24T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-24T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-24T08:24:17.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "Besen BS20 EV Charging Station OTA Update Installation improper authorization"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-9397",
"datePublished": "2026-05-24T20:30:10.350Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-24T06:19:00.635Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-26T14:37:21.762Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Installation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens
In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.
CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security
An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing
This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.
{'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.