Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5978 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3C73-5G33-8G22

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-02 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-08 21:30
VLAI
Details

Entrust nShield Connect XC, nShield 5c, and nShield HSMi through 13.6.11, or 13.7, allow an attacker to gain access the the BIOS menu because is has no password.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-59704"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-02T16:15:55Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Entrust nShield Connect XC, nShield 5c, and nShield HSMi through 13.6.11, or 13.7, allow an attacker to gain access the the BIOS menu because is has no password.",
  "id": "GHSA-3c73-5g33-8g22",
  "modified": "2025-12-08T21:30:19Z",
  "published": "2025-12-02T18:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/google/security-research/security/advisories/GHSA-6q4x-m86j-gfwj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59704"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.entrust.com/use-case/why-use-an-hsm"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3C9X-F53X-V89C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:22 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:22
VLAI
Details

FiberHome VDSL2 Modem HG 150-UB devices allow authentication bypass via a "Cookie: Name=0admin" header.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-9248"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-04-04T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "FiberHome VDSL2 Modem HG 150-UB devices allow authentication bypass via a \"Cookie: Name=0admin\" header.",
  "id": "GHSA-3c9x-f53x-v89c",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:22:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:22:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-9248"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/pak0s/cd7ac9c2ee659138816f92693d2df602"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44413"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3CC5-PGVQ-WH26

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-27 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-31 19:00
VLAI
Details

An unauthenticated attacker with network access to a victim's Rockwell Automation FactoryTalk Alarm and Events service could open a connection, causing the service to fault and become unavailable. The affected port could be used as a server ping port and uses messages structured with XML.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-38744"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-27T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An unauthenticated attacker with network access to a victim\u0027s Rockwell Automation FactoryTalk Alarm and Events service could open a connection, causing the service to fault and become unavailable. The affected port could be used as a server ping port and uses messages structured with XML.",
  "id": "GHSA-3cc5-pgvq-wh26",
  "modified": "2022-10-31T19:00:36Z",
  "published": "2022-10-27T19:00:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38744"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rockwellautomation.custhelp.com/app/answers/answer_view/a_id/1136876"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3CF8-MGM4-6MVF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-19 12:30 – Updated: 2022-12-28 21:30
VLAI
Details

There are insufficient warnings when a Fixlet is imported by a user. The warning message currently assumes the owner of the script is the logged in user, with insufficient warnings when attempting to run the script.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-42453"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-19T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "There are insufficient warnings when a Fixlet is imported by a user. The warning message currently assumes the owner of the script is the logged in user, with insufficient warnings when attempting to run the script.",
  "id": "GHSA-3cf8-mgm4-6mvf",
  "modified": "2022-12-28T21:30:22Z",
  "published": "2022-12-19T12:30:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42453"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0102049"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3CM8-V4WQ-9MHF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-29 21:30 – Updated: 2025-06-30 15:30
VLAI
Details

A misconfigured query in UniFi Network (v9.1.120 and earlier) could allow users to authenticate to Enterprise WiFi or VPN Server (l2tp and OpenVPN) using a device’s MAC address from 802.1X or MAC Authentication, if both services are enabled and share the same RADIUS profile.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24292"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-29T20:15:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A misconfigured query in UniFi Network (v9.1.120 and earlier) could allow users to authenticate to Enterprise WiFi or VPN Server (l2tp and OpenVPN) using a device\u2019s  MAC address from 802.1X or MAC Authentication, if both services are enabled and share the same RADIUS profile.",
  "id": "GHSA-3cm8-v4wq-9mhf",
  "modified": "2025-06-30T15:30:37Z",
  "published": "2025-06-29T21:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24292"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://community.ui.com/releases/Security-Advisory-Bulletin-049-049/7a019b27-6c77-4500-bec8-596cd87c9292"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3CP2-4FV4-FX43

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:01 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:01
VLAI
Details

Session fixation vulnerability in Plogger allows remote attackers to hijack web sessions by setting the PHPSESSID parameter.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2007-2277"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2007-04-25T20:19:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Session fixation vulnerability in Plogger allows remote attackers to hijack web sessions by setting the PHPSESSID parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-3cp2-4fv4-fx43",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T18:01:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T18:01:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-2277"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/33863"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/2614"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.majorsecurity.de/index_2.php?major_rls=major_rls46"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/466772/100/0/threaded"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3CW3-5VXW-G2H3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-31 23:51 – Updated: 2026-05-08 18:13
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: CLI Remote Onboarding Persists Unauthenticated Discovery Endpoint and Exfiltrates Gateway Credentials
Details

Summary

Remote onboarding accepted discovered gateway endpoints without an explicit trust confirmation before persisting the remote URL and connection details.

Impact

A malicious or spoofed discovery endpoint could steer onboarding toward an attacker-controlled gateway and capture future gateway credentials or traffic.

Affected Component

src/commands/onboard-remote.ts

Fixed Versions

  • Affected: <= 2026.3.24
  • Patched: >= 2026.3.28
  • Latest stable 2026.3.28 contains the fix.

Fix

Fixed by commit d6affb17d8 (CLI: confirm discovered remote gateways before saving config).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.3.24"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.3.28"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41342"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-31T23:51:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nRemote onboarding accepted discovered gateway endpoints without an explicit trust confirmation before persisting the remote URL and connection details.\n\n## Impact\n\nA malicious or spoofed discovery endpoint could steer onboarding toward an attacker-controlled gateway and capture future gateway credentials or traffic.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n`src/commands/onboard-remote.ts`\n\n## Fixed Versions\n\n- Affected: `\u003c= 2026.3.24`\n- Patched: `\u003e= 2026.3.28`\n- Latest stable `2026.3.28` contains the fix.\n\n## Fix\n\nFixed by commit `d6affb17d8` (`CLI: confirm discovered remote gateways before saving config`).",
  "id": "GHSA-3cw3-5vxw-g2h3",
  "modified": "2026-05-08T18:13:29Z",
  "published": "2026-03-31T23:51:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-3cw3-5vxw-g2h3"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/d6affb17d85f5f5ab08ef9f2b994b257af12e75a"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-unauthenticated-discovery-endpoint-credential-exfiltration-via-remote-onboarding"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: CLI Remote Onboarding Persists Unauthenticated Discovery Endpoint and Exfiltrates Gateway Credentials"
}

GHSA-3F24-PCVM-5JQC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-24 21:51 – Updated: 2026-03-27 22:10
VLAI
Summary
NATS has mTLS verify_and_map authentication bypass via incorrect Subject DN matching
Details

Background

NATS.io is a high performance open source pub-sub distributed communication technology, built for the cloud, on-premise, IoT, and edge computing.

One authentication model supported is mTLS, deriving the NATS client identity from properties of the TLS Client Certificate.

Problem Description

When using mTLS for client identity, with verify_and_map to derive a NATS identity from the client certificate's Subject DN, certain patterns of RDN would not be correctly enforced, allowing for authentication bypass.

This does require a valid certificate from a CA already trusted for client certificates, and DN naming patterns which the NATS maintainers consider highly unlikely.

So this is an unlikely attack. Nonetheless, administrators who have been very sophisticated in their DN construction patterns might conceivably be impacted.

Affected Versions

Fixed in nats-server 2.12.6 & 2.11.15

Workarounds

Developers should review their CA issuing practices.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.11.15"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.12.0-RC.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.12.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/nats-io/nats-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33248"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-24T21:51:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-25T21:16:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Background\n\nNATS.io is a high performance open source pub-sub distributed communication technology, built for the cloud, on-premise, IoT, and edge computing.\n\nOne authentication model supported is mTLS, deriving the NATS client identity from properties of the TLS Client Certificate.\n\n### Problem Description\n\nWhen using mTLS for client identity, with `verify_and_map` to derive a NATS identity from the client certificate\u0027s Subject DN, certain patterns of RDN would not be correctly enforced, allowing for authentication bypass.\n\nThis does require a valid certificate from a CA already trusted for client certificates, and `DN` naming patterns which the NATS maintainers consider highly unlikely.\n\nSo this is an unlikely attack. Nonetheless, administrators who have been very sophisticated in their `DN` construction patterns might conceivably be impacted.\n\n### Affected Versions\n\nFixed in nats-server 2.12.6 \u0026 2.11.15\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDevelopers should review their CA issuing practices.",
  "id": "GHSA-3f24-pcvm-5jqc",
  "modified": "2026-03-27T22:10:38Z",
  "published": "2026-03-24T21:51:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nats-io/nats-server/security/advisories/GHSA-3f24-pcvm-5jqc"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33248"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://advisories.nats.io/CVE/secnote-2026-13.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nats-io/nats-server"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "NATS has mTLS verify_and_map authentication bypass via incorrect Subject DN matching"
}

GHSA-3F5R-8CPV-JGC3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:15 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:15
VLAI
Details

Johnson & Johnson Animas OneTouch Ping devices allow remote attackers to bypass authentication via replay attacks.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-5086"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-10-05T10:59:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Johnson \u0026 Johnson Animas OneTouch Ping devices allow remote attackers to bypass authentication via replay attacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-3f5r-8cpv-jgc3",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:15:21Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:15:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-5086"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://community.rapid7.com/community/infosec/blog/2016/10/04/r7-2016-07-multiple-vulnerabilities-in-animas-onetouch-ping-insulin-pump"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSMA-16-279-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/884840"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/BLUU-A9SQRS"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93351"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3F84-GF8Q-GGCQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:31 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:31
VLAI
Details

IBM Sterling B2B Integrator 5.2 and Sterling File Gateway 2.2 do not invalidate a session upon a logout action, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication by leveraging an unattended workstation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-5413"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2013-12-21T14:22:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Sterling B2B Integrator 5.2 and Sterling File Gateway 2.2 do not invalidate a session upon a logout action, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication by leveraging an unattended workstation.",
  "id": "GHSA-3f84-gf8q-ggcq",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T01:31:49Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T01:31:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-5413"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/87362"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IC96051"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21657539"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.