CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
5978 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3GWJ-M7CM-JPGQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:14 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:45Teltonika’s Remote Management System versions prior to 4.10.0 use device serial numbers and MAC addresses to identify devices from the user perspective for device claiming and from the device perspective for authentication. If an attacker obtained the serial number and MAC address of a device, they could authenticate as that device and steal communication credentials of the device. This could allow an attacker to enable arbitrary command execution as root by utilizing management options within the newly registered devices.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32347"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-22T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "\nTeltonika\u2019s Remote Management System versions prior to 4.10.0 use device serial numbers and MAC addresses to identify devices from the user perspective for device claiming and from the device perspective for authentication. If an attacker obtained the serial number and MAC address of a device, they could authenticate as that device and steal communication credentials of the device. This could allow an attacker to enable arbitrary command execution as root by utilizing management options within the newly registered devices.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-3gwj-m7cm-jpgq",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:45:23Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:14:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32347"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-131-08"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3GWM-7V5Q-JM39
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-27 12:31 – Updated: 2025-06-27 12:31A vulnerability classified as critical was found in Comet System T0510, T3510, T3511, T4511, T6640, T7511, T7611, P8510, P8552 and H3531 1.60. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /setupA.cfg of the component Web-based Management Interface. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. Access to the local network is required for this attack. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-6763"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-27T12:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical was found in Comet System T0510, T3510, T3511, T4511, T6640, T7511, T7611, P8510, P8552 and H3531 1.60. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /setupA.cfg of the component Web-based Management Interface. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. Access to the local network is required for this attack. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-3gwm-7v5q-jm39",
"modified": "2025-06-27T12:31:18Z",
"published": "2025-06-27T12:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6763"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zeke2997/CVE_request_comet_system"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zeke2997/CVE_request_comet_system#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.314074"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.314074"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.599848"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3H32-R78H-G4PX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:22 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:22In versions 3.0.0-3.5.0, 2.0.0-2.9.0, and 1.0.1, the Neural Autonomic Transport System (NATS) messaging services in use by the NGINX Controller do not require any form of authentication, so any successful connection would be authorized.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-5910"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-07-02T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In versions 3.0.0-3.5.0, 2.0.0-2.9.0, and 1.0.1, the Neural Autonomic Transport System (NATS) messaging services in use by the NGINX Controller do not require any form of authentication, so any successful connection would be authorized.",
"id": "GHSA-3h32-r78h-g4px",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:22:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:22:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5910"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K59209532"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3H3J-J53R-Q78W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:42 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:42Asterisk Open Source 1.2.x before 1.2.26 and 1.4.x before 1.4.16, and Business Edition B.x.x before B.2.3.6 and C.x.x before C.1.0-beta8, when using database-based registrations ("realtime") and host-based authentication, does not check the IP address when the username is correct and there is no password, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication using a valid username.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-6430"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-12-20T02:46:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Asterisk Open Source 1.2.x before 1.2.26 and 1.4.x before 1.4.16, and Business Edition B.x.x before B.2.3.6 and C.x.x before C.1.0-beta8, when using database-based registrations (\"realtime\") and host-based authentication, does not check the IP address when the username is correct and there is no password, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication using a valid username.",
"id": "GHSA-3h3j-j53r-q78w",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:42:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:42:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-6430"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/39124"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://downloads.digium.com/pub/security/AST-2007-027.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2008-03/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/28149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29242"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29456"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29782"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://security.gentoo.org/glsa/glsa-200804-13.xml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3467"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/39519"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/485287/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/26928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1019110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/4260"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3H6P-JVWW-Q7W3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:30 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:30Sun Java System Access Manager 7.1, when installed in a Sun Java System Application Server 9.1 container, does not demand authentication after a container restart, which allows remote attackers to perform administrative tasks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-5152"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-10-01T05:17:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sun Java System Access Manager 7.1, when installed in a Sun Java System Application Server 9.1 container, does not demand authentication after a container restart, which allows remote attackers to perform administrative tasks.",
"id": "GHSA-3h6p-jvww-q7w3",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:30:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-5152"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/36846"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/37758"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/26976"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sunsolve.sun.com/search/document.do?assetkey=1-26-103069-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sunsolve.sun.com/search/document.do?assetkey=1-66-200839-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/25842"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1018753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/3282"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3H89-3VXH-28M9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-10 12:30 – Updated: 2026-05-18 15:30A vulnerability was identified in Industrial Application Software IAS Canias ERP 8.03. This impacts an unknown function of the component Login RMI Interface. The manipulation of the argument clientVersion leads to improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8244"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-10T10:16:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Industrial Application Software IAS Canias ERP 8.03. This impacts an unknown function of the component Login RMI Interface. The manipulation of the argument clientVersion leads to improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-3h89-3vxh-28m9",
"modified": "2026-05-18T15:30:32Z",
"published": "2026-05-10T12:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8244"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/0xb1lal/758bbc5e4d82efea248e675da934ac69"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hawktrace.com/blog/caniaserp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/808326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362460"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362460/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3H8R-6X68-6V9M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:20 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:20Cybozu Office 9.1.0 and earlier does not properly manage sessions, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication by leveraging knowledge of a login URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-3656"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-07-20T03:38:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cybozu Office 9.1.0 and earlier does not properly manage sessions, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication by leveraging knowledge of a login URL.",
"id": "GHSA-3h8r-6x68-6v9m",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:20:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:20:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-3656"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/85894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN19491840/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2013-000069"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://products.cybozu.co.jp/office/ver9/download/update/fix910.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3HH2-42F8-HVGP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-27 15:31 – Updated: 2025-05-27 15:31A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in Gowabby HFish 0.1. This issue affects the function LoadUrl of the file \view\url.go. The manipulation of the argument r leads to improper authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-5247"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-27T15:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in Gowabby HFish 0.1. This issue affects the function LoadUrl of the file \\view\\url.go. The manipulation of the argument r leads to improper authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-3hh2-42f8-hvgp",
"modified": "2025-05-27T15:31:28Z",
"published": "2025-05-27T15:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5247"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/A7cc/cve/issues/5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.310349"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.310349"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.584798"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3HJR-GMH6-W2QR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-29 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-29 09:30A vulnerability was detected in Documenso up to 2.11.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file packages/auth/server/lib/utils/handle-oauth-callback-url.ts of the component Google OAuth Login. The manipulation results in improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. This attack is characterized by high complexity. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit is now public and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-13543"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-29T07:16:24Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in Documenso up to 2.11.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file packages/auth/server/lib/utils/handle-oauth-callback-url.ts of the component Google OAuth Login. The manipulation results in improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. This attack is characterized by high complexity. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit is now public and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.",
"id": "GHSA-3hjr-gmh6-w2qr",
"modified": "2026-06-29T09:30:28Z",
"published": "2026-06-29T09:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/documenso/documenso/issues/2758"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/documenso/documenso/pull/2837"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/documenso/documenso"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-13543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/842579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/374551"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/374551/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-3HMC-27VP-P4HG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00Improper access control vulnerability in Phone Messages of Cybozu Office 10.0.0 to 10.8.4 allows authenticated attackers to bypass access restriction and obtain the data of Phone Messages via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-20630"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-18T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper access control vulnerability in Phone Messages of Cybozu Office 10.0.0 to 10.8.4 allows authenticated attackers to bypass access restriction and obtain the data of Phone Messages via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-3hmc-27vp-p4hg",
"modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:44:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20630"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN45797538/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.cybozu.support/article/36872"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.