Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5970 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-432H-375X-96R4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:43 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:43
VLAI
Details

admin/forums.php in sCssBoard 1.0, 1.1, 1.11, and 1.12 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access via a large value of the current_user[users_level] parameter.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-5576"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-12-15T18:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "admin/forums.php in sCssBoard 1.0, 1.1, 1.11, and 1.12 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access via a large value of the current_user[users_level] parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-432h-375x-96r4",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:43:55Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:43:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5576"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/47456"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5149"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/4739"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-435C-QJC2-826C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:24 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:24
VLAI
Details

CFPreferences in Apple OS X before 10.10 does not properly enforce the "require password after sleep or screen saver begins" setting, which makes it easier for physically proximate attackers to obtain access by leveraging an unattended workstation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-4425"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2014-10-18T01:55:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "CFPreferences in Apple OS X before 10.10 does not properly enforce the \"require password after sleep or screen saver begins\" setting, which makes it easier for physically proximate attackers to obtain access by leveraging an unattended workstation.",
  "id": "GHSA-435c-qjc2-826c",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T01:24:05Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T01:24:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-4425"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/97640"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT6535"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2014-10/0101.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/70630"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1031063"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-435V-F8GV-Q7R4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-03 21:30 – Updated: 2025-12-11 00:30
VLAI
Details

An improper authentication vulnerability has been reported to affect QNAP Authenticator. If an attacker gains physical access, they can then exploit the vulnerability to compromise the security of the system.

We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version: QNAP Authenticator 1.3.1.1227 and later

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-54154"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-03T19:15:49Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An improper authentication vulnerability has been reported to affect QNAP Authenticator. If an attacker gains physical access, they can then exploit the vulnerability to compromise the security of the system.\n\nWe have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version:\nQNAP Authenticator 1.3.1.1227 and later",
  "id": "GHSA-435v-f8gv-q7r4",
  "modified": "2025-12-11T00:30:26Z",
  "published": "2025-10-03T21:30:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54154"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-25-30"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4374-Q6W2-Q795

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-10 00:30 – Updated: 2025-05-10 00:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in JAdmin-JAVA JAdmin 1.0. Affected is the function toLogin of the file NoNeedLoginController.java of the component Admin Backend. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-4494"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-09T22:15:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in JAdmin-JAVA JAdmin 1.0. Affected is the function toLogin of the file NoNeedLoginController.java of the component Admin Backend. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-4374-q6w2-q795",
  "modified": "2025-05-10T00:30:28Z",
  "published": "2025-05-10T00:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4494"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/JAdmin-JAVA/JAdmin/issues/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/JAdmin-JAVA/JAdmin/issues/1#issue-3012501470"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.308208"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.308208"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.566984"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-43M2-5VCP-3FPM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-27 15:33 – Updated: 2025-08-27 15:33
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been found in TOTOLINK T10 4.1.8cu.5241_B20210927. Affected is an unknown function of the file /formLoginAuth.htm. The manipulation of the argument authCode with the input 1 leads to improper authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-9533"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-27T15:15:41Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been found in TOTOLINK T10 4.1.8cu.5241_B20210927. Affected is an unknown function of the file /formLoginAuth.htm. The manipulation of the argument authCode with the input 1 leads to improper authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-43m2-5vcp-3fpm",
  "modified": "2025-08-27T15:33:15Z",
  "published": "2025-08-27T15:33:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9533"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/aLtEr6/MY_test/blob/main/TOTOLINK/TOTOLINK%20T10%20Vulnerability.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.321552"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.321552"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.635941"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.totolink.net"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-43Q6-3R5V-55CG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-19 00:01 – Updated: 2022-03-30 00:01
VLAI
Details

SoftVibe SARABAN for INFOMA 1.1 has Incorrect Access Control vulnerability, that allows attackers to access signature files on the application without any authentication.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-38696"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-01-18T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "SoftVibe SARABAN for INFOMA 1.1 has Incorrect Access Control vulnerability, that allows attackers to access signature files on the application without any authentication.",
  "id": "GHSA-43q6-3r5v-55cg",
  "modified": "2022-03-30T00:01:54Z",
  "published": "2022-01-19T00:01:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38696"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://orangeo.tech/post/2021/12/24/First-CVEs.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=th.co.softvibe.saraban\u0026hl=en\u0026gl=US"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sawatdee.github.io/post/2021/12/24/First-CVEs.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.infoma.net/index.php/saraban"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-43R4-72Q9-7MV7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:19 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:19
VLAI
Details

Authentication vulnerability found in Dahua NVR models NVR50XX, NVR52XX, NVR54XX, NVR58XX with software before DH_NVR5xxx_Eng_P_V2.616.0000.0.R.20171102. Attacker could exploit this vulnerability to gain access to additional operations by means of forging json message.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-9314"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-11-13T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Authentication vulnerability found in Dahua NVR models NVR50XX, NVR52XX, NVR54XX, NVR58XX with software before DH_NVR5xxx_Eng_P_V2.616.0000.0.R.20171102. Attacker could exploit this vulnerability to gain access to additional operations by means of forging json message.",
  "id": "GHSA-43r4-72q9-7mv7",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:19:58Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:19:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9314"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.dahuasecurity.com/annoucementsingle/security-advisory--authentication-vulnerability-found-in-some-dahua-nvr_14731_211.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-43VR-5W6H-PR3G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:25 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:31
VLAI
Details

Juniper ScreenOS 6.2.0r15 through 6.2.0r18, 6.3.0r12 before 6.3.0r12b, 6.3.0r13 before 6.3.0r13b, 6.3.0r14 before 6.3.0r14b, 6.3.0r15 before 6.3.0r15b, 6.3.0r16 before 6.3.0r16b, 6.3.0r17 before 6.3.0r17b, 6.3.0r18 before 6.3.0r18b, 6.3.0r19 before 6.3.0r19b, and 6.3.0r20 before 6.3.0r21 allows remote attackers to obtain administrative access by entering an unspecified password during a (1) SSH or (2) TELNET session.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-7755"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2015-12-19T14:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Juniper ScreenOS 6.2.0r15 through 6.2.0r18, 6.3.0r12 before 6.3.0r12b, 6.3.0r13 before 6.3.0r13b, 6.3.0r14 before 6.3.0r14b, 6.3.0r15 before 6.3.0r15b, 6.3.0r16 before 6.3.0r16b, 6.3.0r17 before 6.3.0r17b, 6.3.0r18 before 6.3.0r18b, 6.3.0r19 before 6.3.0r19b, and 6.3.0r20 before 6.3.0r21 allows remote attackers to obtain administrative access by entering an unspecified password during a (1) SSH or (2) TELNET session.",
  "id": "GHSA-43vr-5w6h-pr3g",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:31:12Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:25:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-7755"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://adamcaudill.com/2015/12/17/much-ado-about-juniper"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://forums.juniper.net/t5/Security-Incident-Response/Important-Announcement-about-ScreenOS/ba-p/285554"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/hdm/juniper-cve-2015-7755"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2015-7755"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/12/unauthorized-code-in-juniper-firewalls-decrypts-encrypted-vpn-traffic"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://kb.juniper.net/InfoCenter/index?page=content\u0026id=JSA10713"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://twitter.com/cryptoron/statuses/677900647560253442"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/12/18/juniper-says-it-didnt-work-with-government-to-add-unauthorized-code-to-network-gear"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/640184"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/79626"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1034489"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.wired.com/2015/12/juniper-networks-hidden-backdoors-show-the-risk-of-government-backdoors"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-43W8-GGH3-P5RH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01
VLAI
Details

NETGEAR D7000 devices before 1.0.1.68 are affected by authentication bypass.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-45495"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "NETGEAR D7000 devices before 1.0.1.68 are affected by authentication bypass.",
  "id": "GHSA-43w8-ggh3-p5rh",
  "modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:50Z",
  "published": "2021-12-27T00:01:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45495"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064055/Security-Advisory-for-Authentication-Bypass-on-D7000-PSV-2018-0631"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-443F-W88G-369P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:12 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:12
VLAI
Details

importbuddy.php in the BackupBuddy plugin 1.3.4, 2.1.4, 2.2.25, 2.2.28, and 2.2.4 for WordPress does not require that authentication be enabled, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, or overwrite or delete files, via vectors involving a (1) direct request, (2) step=1 request, (3) step=2 or step=3 request, or (4) step=7 request.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-2741"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2013-04-02T12:09:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "importbuddy.php in the BackupBuddy plugin 1.3.4, 2.1.4, 2.2.25, 2.2.28, and 2.2.4 for WordPress does not require that authentication be enabled, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, or overwrite or delete files, via vectors involving a (1) direct request, (2) step=1 request, (3) step=2 or step=3 request, or (4) step=7 request.",
  "id": "GHSA-443f-w88g-369p",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:12:24Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:12:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-2741"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2013-03/0205.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/120923"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.