Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5964 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-X5R4-G288-QJ24

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-04 12:31 – Updated: 2024-06-04 12:31
VLAI
Details

Improper Authentication vulnerability in wpase Admin and Site Enhancements (ASE) allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Admin and Site Enhancements (ASE): from n/a through 5.7.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-46630"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-04T10:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Improper Authentication vulnerability in wpase Admin and Site Enhancements (ASE) allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Admin and Site Enhancements (ASE): from n/a through 5.7.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-x5r4-g288-qj24",
  "modified": "2024-06-04T12:31:03Z",
  "published": "2024-06-04T12:31:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46630"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/admin-site-enhancements/wordpress-admin-and-site-enhancements-ase-plugin-5-7-1-password-protected-view-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-X637-X8P3-5P22

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-20 15:32 – Updated: 2024-12-05 22:17
VLAI
Summary
Improper Authentication in Spring Authorization Server
Details

Spring Authorization Server versions 1.0.0 - 1.0.5, 1.1.0 - 1.1.5, 1.2.0 - 1.2.2 and older unsupported versions are susceptible to a PKCE Downgrade Attack for Confidential Clients.

Specifically, an application is vulnerable when a Confidential Client uses PKCE for the Authorization Code Grant.

An application is not vulnerable when a Public Client uses PKCE for the Authorization Code Grant.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-oauth2-authorization-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.1.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-oauth2-authorization-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.2.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-22258"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-470"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-03-20T17:09:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-20T04:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Spring Authorization Server versions 1.0.0 - 1.0.5, 1.1.0 - 1.1.5, 1.2.0 - 1.2.2 and older unsupported versions are susceptible to a PKCE Downgrade Attack for Confidential Clients.\n\nSpecifically, an application is vulnerable when a Confidential Client\u00a0uses PKCE for the Authorization Code Grant.\n\nAn application is not vulnerable when a Public Client\u00a0uses PKCE for the Authorization Code Grant.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-x637-x8p3-5p22",
  "modified": "2024-12-05T22:17:59Z",
  "published": "2024-03-20T15:32:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22258"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-authorization-server/commit/a7035d22bd2de6c24e7125623d38fb83d8f659a9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-22258"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "github.com/spring-projects/spring-authorization-server"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Improper Authentication in Spring Authorization Server"
}

GHSA-X64M-WG95-494X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-20 03:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 03:30
VLAI
Details

A security flaw has been discovered in CRMEB up to 5.6.3. The affected element is the function appleLogin of the file crmeb/app/api/controller/v1/LoginController.php. Performing a manipulation of the argument openId results in improper authentication. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-1202"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-20T01:15:56Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A security flaw has been discovered in CRMEB up to 5.6.3. The affected element is the function appleLogin of the file crmeb/app/api/controller/v1/LoginController.php. Performing a manipulation of the argument openId results in improper authentication. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-x64m-wg95-494x",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T03:30:28Z",
  "published": "2026-01-20T03:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1202"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/foeCat/CVE/blob/main/CRMEB/apple_login_auth_bypass.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.341788"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.341788"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.734711"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-X67C-FH4P-7V8M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-07 06:30 – Updated: 2024-05-07 06:30
VLAI
Details

Improper Authentication vulnerability in Secure Folder prior to SMR May-2024 Release 1 allows physical attackers to access Secure Folder without proper authentication in a specific scenario.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-20856"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-07T05:15:49Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improper Authentication vulnerability in Secure Folder prior to SMR May-2024 Release 1 allows physical attackers to access Secure Folder without proper authentication in a specific scenario.",
  "id": "GHSA-x67c-fh4p-7v8m",
  "modified": "2024-05-07T06:30:36Z",
  "published": "2024-05-07T06:30:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-20856"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2024\u0026month=05"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-X69C-MG5C-F526

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:44 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:44
VLAI
Details

D-Link DIR-505L SharePort Mobile Companion 1.01 and DIR-826L Wireless N600 Cloud Router 1.02 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a direct request when an authorized session is active.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-4772"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2014-05-12T14:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "D-Link DIR-505L SharePort Mobile Companion 1.01 and DIR-826L Wireless N600 Cloud Router 1.02 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a direct request when an authorized session is active.",
  "id": "GHSA-x69c-mg5c-f526",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T04:44:25Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T04:44:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-4772"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/122314/D-Link-DIR-505L-DIR-826L-Authentication-Bypass.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-X6FW-778M-WR9V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-09 17:42 – Updated: 2026-03-09 17:42
VLAI
Summary
Parse Server: JWT audience validation bypass in Google, Apple, and Facebook authentication adapters
Details

Impact

The Google, Apple, and Facebook authentication adapters use JWT verification to validate identity tokens. When the adapter's audience configuration option is not set (clientId for Google/Apple, appIds for Facebook), JWT verification silently skips audience claim validation. This allows an attacker to use a validly signed JWT issued for a different application to authenticate as any user on the target Parse Server.

  • For Google and Apple, the vulnerability is exploitable when the server does not configure clientId. The adapters accepted this as valid and simply skipped audience validation.
  • For Facebook Limited Login, the vulnerability exists regardless of configuration. The adapter validated appIds only for Standard Login (Graph API), but the Limited Login JWT path never passed appIds as the audience to JWT verification.

Patches

The fix enforces clientId (Google/Apple) and appIds (Facebook) as mandatory and passes them to JWT verification for audience validation. While this is technically a breaking change for servers that omit these options, it is not a breaking change as per documentation — all three options are documented as required configuration.

Workarounds

  • Google / Apple: Ensure clientId is set in the adapter configuration. When set, JWT verification correctly validates the audience claim even on unpatched versions.
  • Facebook Limited Login: There is no workaround. The unpatched adapter does not pass appIds to JWT audience validation, so the only mitigation is to upgrade.

References

  • GitHub security advisory: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-x6fw-778m-wr9v
  • Fix Parse Server 9: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/releases/tag/9.5.0-alpha.11
  • Fix Parse Server 8: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/releases/tag/8.6.10
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "parse-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "9.0.0-alpha.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "9.5.0-alpha.11"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "parse-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.6.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-30863"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-09T17:42:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-07T17:15:54Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nThe Google, Apple, and Facebook authentication adapters use JWT verification to validate identity tokens. When the adapter\u0027s audience configuration option is not set (`clientId` for Google/Apple, `appIds` for Facebook), JWT verification silently skips audience claim validation. This allows an attacker to use a validly signed JWT issued for a different application to authenticate as any user on the target Parse Server.\n\n- For Google and Apple, the vulnerability is exploitable when the server does not configure `clientId`. The adapters accepted this as valid and simply skipped audience validation.\n- For Facebook Limited Login, the vulnerability exists regardless of configuration. The adapter validated `appIds` only for Standard Login (Graph API), but the Limited Login JWT path never passed `appIds` as the audience to JWT verification.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe fix enforces `clientId` (Google/Apple) and `appIds` (Facebook) as mandatory and passes them to JWT verification for audience validation. While this is technically a breaking change for servers that omit these options, it is not a breaking change as per documentation \u2014 all three options are documented as required configuration.\n\n### Workarounds\n\n- Google / Apple: Ensure `clientId` is set in the adapter configuration. When set, JWT verification correctly validates the audience claim even on unpatched versions.\n- Facebook Limited Login: There is no workaround. The unpatched adapter does not pass `appIds` to JWT audience validation, so the only mitigation is to upgrade.\n\n### References\n\n- GitHub security advisory: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-x6fw-778m-wr9v\n- Fix Parse Server 9: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/releases/tag/9.5.0-alpha.11\n- Fix Parse Server 8: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/releases/tag/8.6.10",
  "id": "GHSA-x6fw-778m-wr9v",
  "modified": "2026-03-09T17:42:22Z",
  "published": "2026-03-09T17:42:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-x6fw-778m-wr9v"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-30863"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Parse Server: JWT audience validation bypass in Google, Apple, and Facebook authentication adapters"
}

GHSA-X6GJ-R267-C9VW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:11 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:11
VLAI
Details

The cherokee_validator_ldap_check function in validator_ldap.c in Cherokee 1.2.103 and earlier, when LDAP is used, does not properly consider unauthenticated-bind semantics, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via an empty password.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-4668"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2014-07-02T04:14:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The cherokee_validator_ldap_check function in validator_ldap.c in Cherokee 1.2.103 and earlier, when LDAP is used, does not properly consider unauthenticated-bind semantics, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via an empty password.",
  "id": "GHSA-x6gj-r267-c9vw",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:11:37Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:11:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-4668"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cherokee/webserver/commit/fbda667221c51f0aa476a02366e0cf66cb012f88"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://advisories.mageia.org/MGASA-2015-0181.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2015-April/155776.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2015-April/156162.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2015-April/156190.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/06/28/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/06/28/7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2015:225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/68249"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-X6GV-2R2J-Q73M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 04:00 – Updated: 2022-05-02 04:00
VLAI
Details

CRE Loaded before 6.2.14, and possibly other versions before 6.3.x, allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrator privileges via a request with (1) login.php or (2) password_forgotten.php appended as the PATH_INFO, which bypasses a check that uses PHP_SELF, which is not properly handled by (a) includes/application_top.php and (b) admin/includes/application_top.php, as exploited in the wild in 2009.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-5076"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-06-08T10:36:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "CRE Loaded before 6.2.14, and possibly other versions before 6.3.x, allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrator privileges via a request with (1) login.php or (2) password_forgotten.php appended as the PATH_INFO, which bypasses a check that uses PHP_SELF, which is not properly handled by (a) includes/application_top.php and (b) admin/includes/application_top.php, as exploited in the wild in 2009.",
  "id": "GHSA-x6gv-2r2j-q73m",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T04:00:52Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T04:00:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-5076"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.creloaded.com/fdm_file_detail.php?file_id=191"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://hosting-4-creloaded.com/node/116"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-X6X2-P3PJ-7MV4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-03 03:25 – Updated: 2022-05-03 03:25
VLAI
Details

The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3 and Server 2003 SP2 does not properly process authentication requests, which allows local users to gain privileges via a request with a crafted length, aka "LSASS Length Validation Vulnerability."

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-0039"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-02-09T01:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3 and Server 2003 SP2 does not properly process authentication requests, which allows local users to gain privileges via a request with a crafted length, aka \"LSASS Length Validation Vulnerability.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-x6x2-p3pj-7mv4",
  "modified": "2022-05-03T03:25:30Z",
  "published": "2022-05-03T03:25:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-0039"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2011/ms11-014"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A12537"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/43253"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/46152"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1025049"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2011/0327"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-X6XJ-C9QW-4FJP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-28 15:31 – Updated: 2025-10-10 18:31
VLAI
Details

An attacker with access to the network where the vulnerable device is located could capture traffic and obtain cookies from the user, allowing them to steal a user's active session and make changes to the device via the web, depending on the privileges obtained by the user.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-2859"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-28T14:15:20Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An attacker with access to the network where the vulnerable device is located could capture traffic and obtain cookies from the user, allowing them to steal a user\u0027s active session and make changes to the device via the web, depending on the privileges obtained by the user.",
  "id": "GHSA-x6xj-c9qw-4fjp",
  "modified": "2025-10-10T18:31:16Z",
  "published": "2025-03-28T15:31:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2859"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso-sci/multiple-vulnerabilities-arteches-satech-bcu"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.