Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-327
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product uses a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm or protocol.
960 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2024-31896 (GCVE-0-2024-31896)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-25 18:58 – Updated: 2025-09-01 01:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM SPSS Statistics information disclosure
Summary
IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0, 27.0.1, 28.0.1, and 29.0.2 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7228971 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | SPSS Statistics |
Affected:
26.0
Affected: 27.0.1 Affected: 28.0.1 Affected: 29.0.2 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:spss_statistics:26.0.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:spss_statistics:27.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:spss_statistics:28.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:spss_statistics:29.0.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-30152 (GCVE-0-2024-30152)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-25 17:55 – Updated: 2025-04-25 18:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HCL SX is affected by usage of a weak cryptographic algorithm
Summary
HCL SX v21 is affected by usage of a weak cryptographic algorithm. An attacker could exploit this weakness to gain access to sensitive information, modify data, or other impacts.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCL Software | HCL SX |
Affected:
21
|
Date Public
2025-04-25 17:46
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CVE-2024-30098 (GCVE-0-2024-30098)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-09 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-10 23:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Cryptographic Services Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Windows Cryptographic Services Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
20 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6899
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6899
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6899
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7919
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7919
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7919
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4294
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22000.0 , < 10.0.22000.3079
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6456
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.6060
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6456
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6060
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6060
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1913
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1507 |
Affected:
10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21161
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8519
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8519
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8519
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22824
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22824
(custom)
|
Date Public
2024-07-09 07:00
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CVE-2024-29175 (GCVE-0-2024-29175)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-26 03:03 – Updated: 2024-08-02 01:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell PowerProtect Data Domain, versions prior to 7.13.0.0, LTS 7.7.5.40, LTS 7.10.1.30 contain an weak cryptographic algorithm vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to man-in-the-middle attack that exposes sensitive session information.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00022614… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dell | PowerProtect DD |
Affected:
7.0 , ≤ 7.13
(semver)
Affected: N/A , < 2.7.7 (semver) Affected: N/A , < 5.16.0.0 (semver) Affected: 7.8 , ≤ 7.13 (semver) |
|
| dell | powerprotect_dd |
Affected:
7.0 , ≤ 7.13
(semver)
Affected: 0 , < 2.7.7 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 5.16.0.0 (semver) Affected: 7.8 , ≤ 7.13 (semver) cpe:2.3:h:dell:powerprotect_dd:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2024-06-24 06:30
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CVE-2024-29056 (GCVE-0-2024-29056)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-04-09 17:01 – Updated: 2025-05-03 00:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Authentication Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Windows Authentication Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
15 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.5696
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.5696
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.2402
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.830
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.6897
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.6897
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.22618
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.22618
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.22618
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27067
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27067
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.24821
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.24821
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.21924
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.21924
(custom)
|
Date Public
2024-04-09 07:00
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CVE-2024-28980 (GCVE-0-2024-28980)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-12-13 14:20 – Updated: 2024-12-13 20:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell RecoverPoint for VMs, version(s) 6.0.x contain(s) a Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm vulnerability in the SSH. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Remote execution.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00025976… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dell | RecoverPoint for Virtual Machines |
Affected:
6.0 SP1
Affected: 6.0 SP1 P1 |
Date Public
2024-12-12 18:30
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CVE-2024-28972 (GCVE-0-2024-28972)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-01 07:55 – Updated: 2024-09-03 15:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell InsightIQ, Verion 5.0.0, contains a use of a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm vulnerability. An unauthenticated remote attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to information disclosure.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00022656… | vendor-advisory |
Date Public
2024-07-01 06:30
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CVE-2024-28834 (GCVE-0-2024-28834)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-03-21 13:29 – Updated: 2025-11-06 22:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Gnutls: vulnerable to minerva side-channel information leak
Summary
A flaw was found in GnuTLS. The Minerva attack is a cryptographic vulnerability that exploits deterministic behavior in systems like GnuTLS, leading to side-channel leaks. In specific scenarios, such as when using the GNUTLS_PRIVKEY_FLAG_REPRODUCIBLE flag, it can result in a noticeable step in nonce size from 513 to 512 bits, exposing a potential timing side-channel.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
15 references
Impacted products
10 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
3.7.6-23
|
|||
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:3.6.16-8.el8_9.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.6.16-5.el8_6.4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:8.6::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.6.16-7.el8_8.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus:8.8::baseos cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:8.8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:3.7.6-23.el9_3.4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::baseos cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:3.8.3-4.el9_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::baseos cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:3.7.6-21.el9_2.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.2::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus:9.2::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
Date Public
2024-03-21 00:00
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CVE-2024-28780 (GCVE-0-2024-28780)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-19 15:39 – Updated: 2025-07-25 15:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Cognos Controller information disclosure
Summary
IBM Cognos Controller 11.0.0 through 11.0.1 FP3 and IBM Controller 11.1.0 Rich Client
uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7183597 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Cognos Controller |
Affected:
11.0.0 , ≤ 11.0.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:controller:11.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:controller:11.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| IBM | Controller |
Affected:
11.1.0
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:controller:11.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-27256 (GCVE-0-2024-27256)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-27 16:27 – Updated: 2025-02-18 19:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM MQ Operator information disclosure
Summary
IBM MQ Container 3.0.0, 3.0.1, 3.1.0 through 3.1.3 CD, 2.0.0 LTS through 2.0.22 LTS and 2.4.0 through 2.4.8, 2.3.0 through 2.3.3, 2.2.0 through 2.2.2 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | MQ Operator |
Affected:
2.4.0 , ≤ 2.4.8
(semver)
Affected: 2.3.0 , ≤ 2.3.3 (semver) Affected: 2.2.0 , ≤ 2.2.2 (semver) Affected: 2.0.0 LTS , ≤ 2.0.22 LTS (semver) Affected: 3.0.0 CD, 3.0.1 CD Affected: 3.1.0 CD , ≤ 3.1.3 CD (semver) cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:3.0.0:*:*:*:continuous_delivery:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:3.0.1:*:*:*:continuous_delivery:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:3.1.0:*:*:*:continuous_delivery:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:3.1.3:*:*:*:continuous_delivery:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.0.0:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.0.22:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.2.0:*:*:*:-:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.2.2:*:*:*:-:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.3.0:*:*:*:-:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.3.3:*:*:*:-:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.4.0:*:*:*:-:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:mq_operator:2.4.8:*:*:*:-:*:*:* |
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Mitigation MIT-24
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- When there is a need to store or transmit sensitive data, use strong, up-to-date cryptographic algorithms to encrypt that data. Select a well-vetted algorithm that is currently considered to be strong by experts in the field, and use well-tested implementations. As with all cryptographic mechanisms, the source code should be available for analysis.
- For example, US government systems require FIPS 140-2 certification [REF-1192].
- Do not develop custom or private cryptographic algorithms. They will likely be exposed to attacks that are well-understood by cryptographers. Reverse engineering techniques are mature. If the algorithm can be compromised if attackers find out how it works, then it is especially weak.
- Periodically ensure that the cryptography has not become obsolete. Some older algorithms, once thought to require a billion years of computing time, can now be broken in days or hours. This includes MD4, MD5, SHA1, DES, and other algorithms that were once regarded as strong. [REF-267]
Mitigation MIT-52
Architecture and Design
Ensure that the design allows one cryptographic algorithm to be replaced with another in the next generation or version. Where possible, use wrappers to make the interfaces uniform. This will make it easier to upgrade to stronger algorithms. With hardware, design the product at the Intellectual Property (IP) level so that one cryptographic algorithm can be replaced with another in the next generation of the hardware product.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Carefully manage and protect cryptographic keys (see CWE-320). If the keys can be guessed or stolen, then the strength of the cryptography itself is irrelevant.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Industry-standard implementations will save development time and may be more likely to avoid errors that can occur during implementation of cryptographic algorithms. Consider the ESAPI Encryption feature.
Mitigation MIT-25
Implementation
Architecture and Design
When using industry-approved techniques, use them correctly. Don't cut corners by skipping resource-intensive steps (CWE-325). These steps are often essential for preventing common attacks.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.
CAPEC-608: Cryptanalysis of Cellular Encryption
The use of cryptanalytic techniques to derive cryptographic keys or otherwise effectively defeat cellular encryption to reveal traffic content. Some cellular encryption algorithms such as A5/1 and A5/2 (specified for GSM use) are known to be vulnerable to such attacks and commercial tools are available to execute these attacks and decrypt mobile phone conversations in real-time. Newer encryption algorithms in use by UMTS and LTE are stronger and currently believed to be less vulnerable to these types of attacks. Note, however, that an attacker with a Cellular Rogue Base Station can force the use of weak cellular encryption even by newer mobile devices.
CAPEC-614: Rooting SIM Cards
SIM cards are the de facto trust anchor of mobile devices worldwide. The cards protect the mobile identity of subscribers, associate devices with phone numbers, and increasingly store payment credentials, for example in NFC-enabled phones with mobile wallets. This attack leverages over-the-air (OTA) updates deployed via cryptographically-secured SMS messages to deliver executable code to the SIM. By cracking the DES key, an attacker can send properly signed binary SMS messages to a device, which are treated as Java applets and are executed on the SIM. These applets are allowed to send SMS, change voicemail numbers, and query the phone location, among many other predefined functions. These capabilities alone provide plenty of potential for abuse.
CAPEC-97: Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key (instance deduction). Sometimes the weakness is not in the cryptographic algorithm itself, but rather in how it is applied that makes cryptanalysis successful. An attacker may have other goals as well, such as: Total Break (finding the secret key), Global Deduction (finding a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption that does not require knowledge of the secret key), Information Deduction (gaining some information about plaintexts or ciphertexts that was not previously known) and Distinguishing Algorithm (the attacker has the ability to distinguish the output of the encryption (ciphertext) from a random permutation of bits).