Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-327
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product uses a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm or protocol.
999 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-22585 (GCVE-0-2026-22585)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-24 00:15 – Updated: 2026-04-29 19:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm vulnerability in Salesforce Marketing Cloud Engagement (CloudPages, Forward to a Friend, Profile Center, Subscription Center, Unsub Center, View As Webpage modules) allows Web Services Protocol Manipulation. This issue affects Marketing Cloud Engagement: before January 21st, 2026.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-27 04:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salesforce | Marketing Cloud Engagement |
Affected:
0 , < January 21, 2026
(date)
|
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CVE-2026-21907 (GCVE-0-2026-21907)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-15 20:21 – Updated: 2026-01-15 21:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Junos Space: TLS/SSL server supports use of static key ciphers (ssl-static-key-ciphers)
Summary
A Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm vulnerability in the TLS/SSL server of Juniper Networks Junos Space allows the use of static key ciphers (ssl-static-key-ciphers), reducing the confidentiality of on-path traffic communicated across the connection. These ciphers also do not support Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS), affecting the long-term confidentiality of encrypted communications.This issue affects all versions of Junos Space before 24.1R5.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-15 21:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA106006 | vendor-advisory |
| https://kb.juniper.net/JSA106006 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juniper Networks | Junos Space |
Affected:
0 , < 24.1R5
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-01-14 17:00
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CVE-2026-21718 (GCVE-0-2026-21718)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-27 00:34 – Updated: 2026-03-02 18:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Copeland XWEB and XWEB Pro Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Summary
An authentication bypass vulnerability exists in Copeland XWEB Pro
version 1.12.1 and prior, enabling any attackers to bypass the
authentication requirement and achieve pre-authenticated code execution
on the system.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-02 18:58 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Copeland | Copeland XWEB 300D PRO |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.12.1
(custom)
|
|
| Copeland | Copeland XWEB 500D PRO |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.12.1
(custom)
|
|
| Copeland | Copeland XWEB 500B PRO |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.12.1
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-21444 (GCVE-0-2026-21444)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 19:05 – Updated: 2026-01-05 20:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
libtpms returns wrong initialization vector when certain symmetric ciphers are used
Summary
libtpms, a library that provides software emulation of a Trusted Platform Module, has a flaw in versions 0.10.0 and 0.10.1. The commonly used integration of libtpms with OpenSSL 3.x contained a vulnerability related to the returned IV (initialization vector) when certain symmetric ciphers were used. Instead of returning the last IV it returned the initial IV to the caller, thus weakening the subsequent encryption and decryption steps. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality. Version 0.10.2 fixes the issue. No known workarounds are available.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-05 20:30 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/stefanberger/libtpms/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/stefanberger/libtpms/issues/541 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/stefanberger/libtpms/commit/33… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| stefanberger | libtpms |
Affected:
>= 0.10.0, < 0.10.2
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CVE-2026-20833 (GCVE-0-2026-20833)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 17:56 – Updated: 2026-07-30 20:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Kerberos Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Use of a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm in Windows Kerberos allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-13 19:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
16 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.28117
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.28117
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23717
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23717
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25868
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22968
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22968
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8276
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8276
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4648
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.2092
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32230
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32230
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-01-13 16:00
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CVE-2026-17467 (GCVE-0-2026-17467)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 19:39 – Updated: 2026-09-14 20:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Vulnerabilities exists in IBM Cloud Pak for Data System
Summary
IBM Cloud Pak for Data System (Yosemite 1.0) 3.0.5.2 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information due to the use of weak or deprecated cryptographic protocols.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 20:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7286491 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Cloud Pak for Data System (Yosemite 1.0) |
Affected:
3.0.5.2
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:cloud_pak_for_data_system_yosemite_10:3.0.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-16693 (GCVE-0-2026-16693)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-04 16:41 – Updated: 2026-09-04 17:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM i is Affected By Cryptographic Algorithm Weakness in DCM []
Summary
IBM i 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 7.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to obtain sensitive information due to the use of hardcoded cryptographic constants to obfuscate encryption keys.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-04 17:27 UTC
CWE
- CWE-327 - Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7285846 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | i |
Affected:
7.6
Affected: 7.5 Affected: 7.4 Affected: 7.3 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-16459 (GCVE-0-2026-16459)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 08:29 – Updated: 2026-08-13 14:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Timing side-channel in RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 decryption in Oberon PSA Crypto
Summary
Padding oracle attack vulnerability in Oberon microsystem AG’s Oberon PSA Crypto library in all versions since 1.0.0 and prior to 2.1.1 allows an attacker to recover plaintexts via timing measurements of RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 decrypt operations.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 14:23 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oberon microsystems AG | Oberon PSA Crypto |
Affected:
1.0.0 , < 2.1.1
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CVE-2026-16458 (GCVE-0-2026-16458)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 08:31 – Updated: 2026-08-13 14:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Timing side-channel in RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 decryption in ocrypto
Summary
Padding oracle attack vulnerability in Oberon microsystem AG’s ocrypto library in all versions since 3.0.0 and prior to 4.0.1 allows an attacker to recover plaintexts via timing measurements of RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 decrypt operations.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 14:25 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oberon microsystems AG | ocrypto |
Affected:
3.0.0 , < 4.0.1
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CVE-2026-15605 (GCVE-0-2026-15605)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 22:45 – Updated: 2026-07-14 12:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
wandb Artifact Integrity Validation hashutil.py ArtifactManifestEntry.download weak hash
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in wandb 0.25.2.dev1. Affected is the function ArtifactManifestEntry.download in the library wandb/sdk/lib/hashutil.py of the component Artifact Integrity Validation. The manipulation leads to use of weak hash. The attack may be initiated remotely. A high degree of complexity is needed for the attack. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 12:42 UTC
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/378114 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/378114/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15605 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/855675 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/wandb/wandb/issues/12030 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/wandb/wandb/pull/12031 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/wandb/wandb/ | product |
Impacted products
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{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:wandb:wandb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"modules": [
"Artifact Integrity Validation"
],
"product": "wandb",
"vendor": "n/a",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "0.25.2.dev1"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "Dem0000000 (VulDB User)"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "coordinator",
"value": "VulDB CNA Team"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A security vulnerability has been detected in wandb 0.25.2.dev1. Affected is the function ArtifactManifestEntry.download in the library wandb/sdk/lib/hashutil.py of the component Artifact Integrity Validation. The manipulation leads to use of weak hash. The attack may be initiated remotely. A high degree of complexity is needed for the attack. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 2.3,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 3.1,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:X/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 3.1,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:X/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 2.1,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:H/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N/E:ND/RL:ND/RC:UR",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-328",
"description": "Use of Weak Hash",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-327",
"description": "Risky Cryptographic Algorithm",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-13T22:45:09.813Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-378114 | wandb Artifact Integrity Validation hashutil.py ArtifactManifestEntry.download weak hash",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/378114"
},
{
"name": "VDB-378114 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/378114/cti"
},
{
"name": "CVE-2026-15605 | CVE Analysis and Report",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15605"
},
{
"name": "Submit #855675 | Weights \u0026 Biases wandb 0.25.2.dev1 at commit 28cc0bf5a9b529b72e5e501d0a48c6c42220ae0a; earlier versions may be affected if they use the same MD5-based CWE-328 Use of Weak Hash",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/855675"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/wandb/wandb/issues/12030"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking",
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/wandb/wandb/pull/12031"
},
{
"tags": [
"product"
],
"url": "https://github.com/wandb/wandb/"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-07-13T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-07-13T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-07-13T17:43:16.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "wandb Artifact Integrity Validation hashutil.py ArtifactManifestEntry.download weak hash"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-15605",
"datePublished": "2026-07-13T22:45:09.813Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-07-13T15:38:12.267Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T12:42:47.147Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-24
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- When there is a need to store or transmit sensitive data, use strong, up-to-date cryptographic algorithms to encrypt that data. Select a well-vetted algorithm that is currently considered to be strong by experts in the field, and use well-tested implementations. As with all cryptographic mechanisms, the source code should be available for analysis.
- For example, US government systems require FIPS 140-2 certification [REF-1192].
- Do not develop custom or private cryptographic algorithms. They will likely be exposed to attacks that are well-understood by cryptographers. Reverse engineering techniques are mature. If the algorithm can be compromised if attackers find out how it works, then it is especially weak.
- Periodically ensure that the cryptography has not become obsolete. Some older algorithms, once thought to require a billion years of computing time, can now be broken in days or hours. This includes MD4, MD5, SHA1, DES, and other algorithms that were once regarded as strong. [REF-267]
Mitigation MIT-52
Architecture and Design
Ensure that the design allows one cryptographic algorithm to be replaced with another in the next generation or version. Where possible, use wrappers to make the interfaces uniform. This will make it easier to upgrade to stronger algorithms. With hardware, design the product at the Intellectual Property (IP) level so that one cryptographic algorithm can be replaced with another in the next generation of the hardware product.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Carefully manage and protect cryptographic keys (see CWE-320). If the keys can be guessed or stolen, then the strength of the cryptography itself is irrelevant.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Industry-standard implementations will save development time and may be more likely to avoid errors that can occur during implementation of cryptographic algorithms. Consider the ESAPI Encryption feature.
Mitigation MIT-25
Implementation
Architecture and Design
When using industry-approved techniques, use them correctly. Don't cut corners by skipping resource-intensive steps (CWE-325). These steps are often essential for preventing common attacks.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.
CAPEC-608: Cryptanalysis of Cellular Encryption
The use of cryptanalytic techniques to derive cryptographic keys or otherwise effectively defeat cellular encryption to reveal traffic content. Some cellular encryption algorithms such as A5/1 and A5/2 (specified for GSM use) are known to be vulnerable to such attacks and commercial tools are available to execute these attacks and decrypt mobile phone conversations in real-time. Newer encryption algorithms in use by UMTS and LTE are stronger and currently believed to be less vulnerable to these types of attacks. Note, however, that an attacker with a Cellular Rogue Base Station can force the use of weak cellular encryption even by newer mobile devices.
CAPEC-614: Rooting SIM Cards
SIM cards are the de facto trust anchor of mobile devices worldwide. The cards protect the mobile identity of subscribers, associate devices with phone numbers, and increasingly store payment credentials, for example in NFC-enabled phones with mobile wallets. This attack leverages over-the-air (OTA) updates deployed via cryptographically-secured SMS messages to deliver executable code to the SIM. By cracking the DES key, an attacker can send properly signed binary SMS messages to a device, which are treated as Java applets and are executed on the SIM. These applets are allowed to send SMS, change voicemail numbers, and query the phone location, among many other predefined functions. These capabilities alone provide plenty of potential for abuse.
CAPEC-97: Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key (instance deduction). Sometimes the weakness is not in the cryptographic algorithm itself, but rather in how it is applied that makes cryptanalysis successful. An attacker may have other goals as well, such as: Total Break (finding the secret key), Global Deduction (finding a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption that does not require knowledge of the secret key), Information Deduction (gaining some information about plaintexts or ciphertexts that was not previously known) and Distinguishing Algorithm (the attacker has the ability to distinguish the output of the encryption (ciphertext) from a random permutation of bits).