Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-362
Allowed-with-ReviewConcurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product contains a concurrent code sequence that requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence operating concurrently.
2907 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2021-0258 (GCVE-0-2021-0258)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-04-22 19:37 – Updated: 2024-09-16 16:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Junos OS: Kernel panic upon receipt of specific TCPv6 packet on management interface
Summary
A vulnerability in the forwarding of transit TCPv6 packets received on the Ethernet management interface of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an attacker to trigger a kernel panic, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). Continued receipt and processing of these transit packets will create a sustained Denial of Service (DoS) condition. This issue only occurs when TCPv6 packets are routed through the management interface. Other transit traffic, and traffic destined to the management interface, are unaffected by this vulnerability. This issue was introduced as part of a TCP Parallelization feature added in Junos OS 17.2, and affects systems with concurrent network stack enabled. This feature is enabled by default, but can be disabled (see WORKAROUND section below). This issue affects Juniper Networks Junos OS: 17.2 versions prior to 17.2R3-S4; 17.3 versions prior to 17.3R3-S9; 17.4 versions prior to 17.4R2-S11, 17.4R3-S2; 18.1 versions prior to 18.1R3-S11; 18.2 versions prior to 18.2R3-S5; 18.3 versions prior to 18.3R2-S4, 18.3R3-S3; 18.4 versions prior to 18.4R2-S5, 18.4R3-S4; 19.1 versions prior to 19.1R2-S2, 19.1R3; 19.2 versions prior to 19.2R1-S5, 19.2R2; 19.3 versions prior to 19.3R2-S4, 19.3R3; 19.4 versions prior to 19.4R1-S3, 19.4R2. This issue does not affect Juniper Networks Junos OS versions prior to 17.2R1.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization)
- Denial of Service (DoS)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://kb.juniper.net/JSA11149 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS |
Unaffected:
17.2 , < 17.2R1
(custom)
Affected: 17.3 , < 17.3R3-S9 (custom) Affected: 17.4 , < 17.4R2-S11, 17.4R3-S2 (custom) Affected: 18.1 , < 18.1R3-S11 (custom) Affected: 18.2 , < 18.2R3-S5 (custom) Affected: 18.3 , < 18.3R2-S4, 18.3R3-S3 (custom) Affected: 18.4 , < 18.4R2-S5, 18.4R3-S4 (custom) Affected: 19.1 , < 19.1R2-S2, 19.1R3 (custom) Affected: 19.2 , < 19.2R1-S5, 19.2R2 (custom) Affected: 19.3 , < 19.3R2-S4, 19.3R3 (custom) Affected: 19.4 , < 19.4R1-S3, 19.4R2 (custom) |
Date Public
2021-04-14 00:00
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CVE-2021-0247 (GCVE-0-2021-0247)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-04-22 19:37 – Updated: 2024-09-16 17:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Junos OS: PTX Series, QFX Series: Due to a race condition input loopback firewall filters applied to interfaces may not operate even when listed in the running configuration.
Summary
A Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization) vulnerability in the firewall process (dfwd) of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an attacker to bypass the firewall rule sets applied to the input loopback filter on any interfaces of a device. This issue is detectable by reviewing the PFE firewall rules, as well as the firewall counters and seeing if they are incrementing or not. For example: show firewall Filter: __default_bpdu_filter__ Filter: FILTER-INET-01 Counters: Name Bytes Packets output-match-inet 0 0 <<<<<< missing firewall packet count This issue affects: Juniper Networks Junos OS 14.1X53 versions prior to 14.1X53-D53 on QFX Series; 14.1 versions 14.1R1 and later versions prior to 15.1 versions prior to 15.1R7-S6 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 15.1X53 versions prior to 15.1X53-D593 on QFX Series; 16.1 versions prior to 16.1R7-S7 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 16.2 versions prior to 16.2R2-S11, 16.2R3 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 17.1 versions prior to 17.1R2-S11, 17.1R3-S2 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 17.2 versions prior to 17.2R1-S9, 17.2R3-S3 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 17.3 versions prior to 17.3R2-S5, 17.3R3-S7 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 17.4 versions prior to 17.4R2-S9, 17.4R3 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 18.1 versions prior to 18.1R3-S9 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 18.2 versions prior to 18.2R2-S6, 18.2R3-S3 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 18.3 versions prior to 18.3R1-S7, 18.3R2-S3, 18.3R3-S1 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 18.4 versions prior to 18.4R1-S5, 18.4R2-S3, 18.4R2-S7, 18.4R3 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 19.1 versions prior to 19.1R1-S4, 19.1R2-S1, 19.1R3 on QFX Series, PTX Series; 19.2 versions prior to 19.2R1-S3, 19.2R2 on QFX Series, PTX Series.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://kb.juniper.net/JSA11140 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS |
Affected:
14.1X53 , < 14.1X53-D53
(custom)
Affected: 15.1X53 , < 15.1X53-D593 (custom) |
|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS |
Affected:
14.1R1 , < 14.1*
(custom)
Affected: 15.1 , < 15.1R7-S6 (custom) Affected: 16.1 , < 16.1R7-S7 (custom) Affected: 16.2 , < 16.2R2-S11, 16.2R3 (custom) Affected: 17.1 , < 17.1R2-S11, 17.1R3-S2 (custom) Affected: 17.2 , < 17.2R1-S9, 17.2R3-S3 (custom) Affected: 17.3 , < 17.3R2-S5, 17.3R3-S7 (custom) Affected: 17.4 , < 17.4R2-S9, 17.4R3 (custom) Affected: 18.1 , < 18.1R3-S9 (custom) Affected: 18.2 , < 18.2R2-S6, 18.2R3-S3 (custom) Affected: 18.3 , < 18.3R1-S7, 18.3R2-S3, 18.3R3-S1 (custom) Affected: 18.4 , < 18.4R1-S5, 18.4R2-S3, 18.4R3 (custom) Affected: 19.1 , < 19.1R1-S4, 19.1R2-S1, 19.1R3 (custom) Affected: 19.2 , < 19.2R1-S3, 19.2R2 (custom) |
Date Public
2021-04-14 00:00
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CVE-2020-27837 (GCVE-0-2020-27837)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-12-28 18:34 – Updated: 2024-08-04 16:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A flaw was found in GDM in versions prior to 3.38.2.1. A race condition in the handling of session shutdown makes it possible to bypass the lock screen for a user that has autologin enabled, accessing their session without authentication. This is similar to CVE-2017-12164, but requires more difficult conditions to exploit.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1906812 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2020-27825 (GCVE-0-2020-27825)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-12-11 17:13 – Updated: 2024-08-04 16:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A use-after-free flaw was found in kernel/trace/ring_buffer.c in Linux kernel (before 5.10-rc1). There was a race problem in trace_open and resize of cpu buffer running parallely on different cpus, may cause a denial of service problem (DOS). This flaw could even allow a local attacker with special user privilege to a kernel information leak threat.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-362 - >CWE-416
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1905155 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4843 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_DEBIAN |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2021052… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2020-25668 (GCVE-0-2020-25668)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-05-26 11:11 – Updated: 2024-08-04 15:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A flaw was found in Linux Kernel because access to the global variable fg_console is not properly synchronized leading to a use after free in con_font_op.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-362 - -> CWE-416
Assigner
References
9 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/10/30/1 | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/11/04/3 | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1893287%2C | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2021070… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Linux Kernel |
Affected:
5.9.2
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CVE-2020-25653 (GCVE-0-2020-25653)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-11-26 01:23 – Updated: 2024-08-04 15:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A race condition vulnerability was found in the way the spice-vdagentd daemon handled new client connections. This flaw may allow an unprivileged local guest user to become the active agent for spice-vdagentd, possibly resulting in a denial of service or information leakage from the host. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality as well as system availability. This flaw affects spice-vdagent versions 0.20 and prior.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-362 - >CWE-200
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1886372 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | spice-vdagent |
Affected:
spice-vdagent versions 0.20 and prior
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CVE-2020-25651 (GCVE-0-2020-25651)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-11-26 01:18 – Updated: 2024-08-04 15:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A flaw was found in the SPICE file transfer protocol. File data from the host system can end up in full or in parts in the client connection of an illegitimate local user in the VM system. Active file transfers from other users could also be interrupted, resulting in a denial of service. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality as well as system availability. This flaw affects spice-vdagent versions 0.20 and prior.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-362 - >CWE-200
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1886359 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | spice-vdagent |
Affected:
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CVE-2020-16123 (GCVE-0-2020-16123)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-12-03 23:15 – Updated: 2024-09-16 19:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Bypass of snapd pulseaudio restrictions
Summary
An Ubuntu-specific patch in PulseAudio created a race condition where the snap policy module would fail to identify a client connection from a snap as coming from a snap if SCM_CREDENTIALS were missing, allowing the snap to connect to PulseAudio without proper confinement. This could be exploited by an attacker to expose sensitive information. Fixed in 1:13.99.3-1ubuntu2, 1:13.99.2-1ubuntu2.1, 1:13.99.1-1ubuntu3.8, 1:11.1-1ubuntu7.11, and 1:8.0-0ubuntu3.15.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://launchpad.net/bugs/1895928 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_UBUNTU |
| https://ubuntu.com/USN-4640-1 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_UBUNTU |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canonical | pulseaudio |
Affected:
1:13.99.3-1 , < 1:13.99.3-1ubuntu2
(custom)
Affected: 1:13.99.2-1 , < 1:13.99.2-1ubuntu2.1 (custom) Affected: 1:13.99.1-1 , < 1:13.99.1-1ubuntu3.8 (custom) Affected: 1:11.1-1 , < 1:11.1-1ubuntu7.11 (custom) Affected: 1:8.0-0 , < 1:8.0-0ubuntu3.15 (custom) |
Date Public
2020-11-23 00:00
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CVE-2020-15707 (GCVE-0-2020-15707)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-07-29 17:45 – Updated: 2024-09-17 03:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
GRUB2 contained integer overflows when handling the initrd command, leading to a heap-based buffer overflow.
Summary
Integer overflows were discovered in the functions grub_cmd_initrd and grub_initrd_init in the efilinux component of GRUB2, as shipped in Debian, Red Hat, and Ubuntu (the functionality is not included in GRUB2 upstream), leading to a heap-based buffer overflow. These could be triggered by an extremely large number of arguments to the initrd command on 32-bit architectures, or a crafted filesystem with very large files on any architecture. An attacker could use this to execute arbitrary code and bypass UEFI Secure Boot restrictions. This issue affects GRUB2 version 2.04 and prior versions.
Severity
5.7 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization)
Assigner
References
17 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubuntu | grub2 in Ubuntu |
Affected:
20.04 LTS , < 2.04-1ubuntu26.1
(custom)
Affected: 18.04 LTS , < 2.02-2ubuntu8.16 (custom) Affected: 16.04 LTS , < 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.26 (custom) Affected: 14.04 ESM , < 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.20 (custom) |
Date Public
2020-07-29 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2020-15706 (GCVE-0-2020-15706)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-07-29 17:45 – Updated: 2024-09-16 22:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
GRUB2 contains a race condition leading to a use-after-free vulnerability which can be triggered by redefining a function whilst the same function is already executing.
Summary
GRUB2 contains a race condition in grub_script_function_create() leading to a use-after-free vulnerability which can be triggered by redefining a function whilst the same function is already executing, leading to arbitrary code execution and secure boot restriction bypass. This issue affects GRUB2 version 2.04 and prior versions.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization)
Assigner
References
17 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubuntu | grub2 in Ubuntu |
Affected:
20.04 LTS , < 2.04-1ubuntu26.1
(custom)
Affected: 18.04 LTS , < 2.02-2ubuntu8.16 (custom) Affected: 16.04 LTS , < 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.26 (custom) Affected: 14.04 ESM , < 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.20 (custom) |
Date Public
2020-07-29 00:00
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"value": "GRUB2 contains a race condition in grub_script_function_create() leading to a use-after-free vulnerability which can be triggered by redefining a function whilst the same function is already executing, leading to arbitrary code execution and secure boot restriction bypass. This issue affects GRUB2 version 2.04 and prior versions."
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"baseScore": 6.4,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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"value": "CWE-362 Race Condition (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization)"
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{
"name": "https://www.eclypsium.com/2020/07/29/theres-a-hole-in-the-boot/",
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"url": "https://www.eclypsium.com/2020/07/29/theres-a-hole-in-the-boot/"
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{
"name": "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/GRUB2SecureBootBypass",
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"url": "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/GRUB2SecureBootBypass"
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"name": "http://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-4432-1",
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"url": "http://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-4432-1"
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{
"name": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020-GRUB-UEFI-SecureBoot",
"refsource": "DEBIAN",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020-GRUB-UEFI-SecureBoot"
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{
"name": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/ADV200011",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/ADV200011"
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{
"name": "https://access.redhat.com/security/vulnerabilities/grub2bootloader",
"refsource": "REDHAT",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/vulnerabilities/grub2bootloader"
},
{
"name": "https://www.suse.com/c/suse-addresses-grub2-secure-boot-issue/",
"refsource": "SUSE",
"url": "https://www.suse.com/c/suse-addresses-grub2-secure-boot-issue/"
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{
"name": "https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000019673",
"refsource": "SUSE",
"url": "https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000019673"
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{
"name": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/07/29/3",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/07/29/3"
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{
"name": "https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2020-07/msg00034.html",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2020-07/msg00034.html"
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{
"name": "DSA-4735",
"refsource": "DEBIAN",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4735"
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{
"name": "[oss-security] 20200729 multiple secure boot grub2 and linux kernel vulnerabilities",
"refsource": "MLIST",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/07/29/3"
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{
"name": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200731-0008/",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200731-0008/"
},
{
"name": "USN-4432-1",
"refsource": "UBUNTU",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4432-1/"
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{
"name": "openSUSE-SU-2020:1169",
"refsource": "SUSE",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00017.html"
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{
"name": "openSUSE-SU-2020:1168",
"refsource": "SUSE",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00016.html"
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{
"name": "GLSA-202104-05",
"refsource": "GENTOO",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202104-05"
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"dateReserved": "2020-07-14T00:00:00.000Z",
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In languages that support it, use synchronization primitives. Only wrap these around critical code to minimize the impact on performance.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use thread-safe capabilities such as the data access abstraction in Spring.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Minimize the usage of shared resources in order to remove as much complexity as possible from the control flow and to reduce the likelihood of unexpected conditions occurring.
- Additionally, this will minimize the amount of synchronization necessary and may even help to reduce the likelihood of a denial of service where an attacker may be able to repeatedly trigger a critical section (CWE-400).
Mitigation
Implementation
When using multithreading and operating on shared variables, only use thread-safe functions.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use atomic operations on shared variables. Be wary of innocent-looking constructs such as "x++". This may appear atomic at the code layer, but it is actually non-atomic at the instruction layer, since it involves a read, followed by a computation, followed by a write.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use a mutex if available, but be sure to avoid related weaknesses such as CWE-412.
Mitigation
Implementation
Avoid double-checked locking (CWE-609) and other implementation errors that arise when trying to avoid the overhead of synchronization.
Mitigation
Implementation
Disable interrupts or signals over critical parts of the code, but also make sure that the code does not go into a large or infinite loop.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use the volatile type modifier for critical variables to avoid unexpected compiler optimization or reordering. This does not necessarily solve the synchronization problem, but it can help.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
CAPEC-26: Leveraging Race Conditions
The adversary targets a race condition occurring when multiple processes access and manipulate the same resource concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. The adversary can leverage a race condition by "running the race", modifying the resource and modifying the normal execution flow. For instance, a race condition can occur while accessing a file: the adversary can trick the system by replacing the original file with their version and cause the system to read the malicious file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.