Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-451

Weakness Allowed-with-Review

User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The user interface (UI) does not properly represent critical information to the user, allowing the information - or its source - to be obscured or spoofed. This is often a component in phishing attacks.

Technical nuance

UI misrepresentation can take many forms:

Incorrect indicator: incorrect information is displayed, which prevents the user from understanding the true state of the product or the environment the product is monitoring, especially of potentially-dangerous conditions or operations. This can be broken down into several different subtypes.

Overlay: an area of the display is intended to give critical information, but another process can modify the display by overlaying another element on top of it. The user is not interacting with the expected portion of the user interface. This is the problem that enables clickjacking attacks, although many other types of attacks exist that involve overlay.

Icon manipulation: the wrong icon, or the wrong color indicator, can be influenced (such as making a dangerous .EXE executable look like a harmless .GIF)

Timing: the product is performing a state transition or context switch that is presented to the user with an indicator, but a race condition can cause the wrong indicator to be used before the product has fully switched context. The race window could be extended indefinitely if the attacker can trigger an error.

Visual truncation: important information could be truncated from the display, such as a long filename with a dangerous extension that is not displayed in the GUI because the malicious portion is truncated. The use of excessive whitespace can also cause truncation, or place the potentially-dangerous indicator outside of the user's field of view (e.g. "filename.txt .exe"). A different type of truncation can occur when a portion of the information is removed due to reasons other than length, such as the accidental insertion of an end-of-input marker in the middle of an input, such as a NUL byte in a C-style string.

Visual distinction: visual information might be presented in a way that makes it difficult for the user to quickly and correctly distinguish between critical and unimportant segments of the display.

Homographs: letters from different character sets, fonts, or languages can appear very similar (i.e. may be visually equivalent) in a way that causes the human user to misread the text (for example, to conduct phishing attacks to trick a user into visiting a malicious web site with a visually-similar name as a trusted site). This can be regarded as a type of visual distinction issue.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate

Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-684 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-221 · View CWE-1000
PeerOf: CWE-346 (symmetric) · View CWE-1000
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Notes

Maintenance

This entry should be broken down into more precise entries. See extended description.

Research Gap

Misrepresentation problems are frequently studied in web browsers, but there are no known efforts for classifying these kinds of problems in terms of the shortcomings of the interface. In addition, many misrepresentation issues are resultant.

Content history
Submission: PLOVER · 2006-07-19 · CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci · Cigital · 2008-07-01 · CWE 1.0

updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Maintenance_Notes, Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-10-30 · CWE 2.3

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-02-13 · CWE 2.6

Defined several different subtypes of this issue.

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-02-18 · CWE 2.6

updated Applicable_Platforms, Description, Maintenance_Notes, Name, Observed_Examples, Other_Notes, References, Relationships, Research_Gaps

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-01-19 · CWE 2.10

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Maintenance_Notes, Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-04-28 · CWE 4.7

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-01-31 · CWE 4.10

updated Description, Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-09-09 · CWE 4.18

updated References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Common_Consequences, Description, Relationships, Technical_Nuance

594 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-126349 (GCVE-0-2026-126349)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 22:00 – Updated: 2026-11-12 22:00
VLAI
Title
Addressable display_uri can show misleading hosts containing bidi and invisible characters
Summary
Addressable is an alternative implementation to the URI implementation that is part of Ruby's standard library. From 2.0.0 until 2.9.1, Addressable::IDNA.to_unicode can decode Punycode labels that contain bidirectional controls, zero-width characters, control characters, or other default-ignorable format characters. Addressable::URI#display_uri can consequently show a reordered or visually indistinguishable hostname even though host, normalized_host, and network connections use the original encoded hostname. The pure-Ruby backend accepts the full prohibited set, while the native libidn backend is affected from 2.5.2 for characters added after Unicode 3.2. This issue is fixed in version 2.9.1.
Severity
3.1 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-176 - Improper Handling of Unicode Encoding
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
  • CWE-1007 - Insufficient Visual Distinction of Homoglyphs Presented to User
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
sporkmonger addressable Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.9.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-123995 (GCVE-0-2026-123995)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-06 18:57 – Updated: 2026-11-11 03:19
VLAI
Title
Hisense VIDAA Smart TV SSRF via SetAVTransportURI CurrentURI
Summary
Hisense VIDAA Smart TV firmware V0000.01.00a.P0220 contains an input validation vulnerability in the UPnP/DLNA AVTransport SOAP service that allows a LAN-adjacent attacker to inject arbitrary URIs via the CurrentURI field of SetAVTransportURI without validating the scheme, host, or media legitimacy. Attackers can supply schemes such as http://, file:///data/misc/wifi/, rtsp://, or smb:// to have the TV fetch and render attacker-controlled content after a one-time DLNA pairing, enabling phishing pages, fake firmware prompts, and fake emergency alerts to be displayed, with subsequent commands executing silently.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.6 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-11 03:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
  • CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Hisense VIDAA Affected: 0000.01.00a.P0220 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-03 00:00
Credits
Yehia Elghaly (Mrvar0x)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-119730 (GCVE-0-2026-119730)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 19:14 – Updated: 2026-11-05 02:31
VLAI
Title
Maxthon Browser for Android < 7.5.8.103 Fullscreen Address Bar Spoofing
Summary
Maxthon Browser for Android before 7.5.8.103 contains an address bar spoofing vulnerability that allows remote attackers to misrepresent a page's origin by exploiting the lack of a persistent fullscreen notification or trusted origin indicator when the Fullscreen API is invoked. Attackers can craft a malicious web page that renders a counterfeit address bar showing a trusted domain while displaying attacker-controlled content, tricking users who perform a single tap to enter fullscreen into disclosing credentials via phishing.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 02:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-18 00:00
Credits
Fanda Dwi Aprilianto
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-114171 (GCVE-0-2026-114171)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 18:22 – Updated: 2026-11-13 18:11
VLAI
Title
Visual Studio Code Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
User interface (ui) misrepresentation of critical information in Visual Studio Code allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 20:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
microsoft CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 4926 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Visual Studio Code Affected: 1.0.0 , < 1.145.3 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:visual_studio_code:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-10 16:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-109434 (GCVE-0-2026-109434)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 18:12 – Updated: 2026-10-19 18:36
VLAI
Title
Sleipnir Browser < 3.9.0 Fullscreen Address Bar Spoofing
Summary
Fenrir Sleipnir Browser for Android before 3.9.0 contains a UI spoofing vulnerability that allows remote attackers to impersonate the browser's trusted address bar by entering fullscreen mode via the Fullscreen API without displaying a persistent notification or trusted-origin indicator. Attackers can render a counterfeit address bar showing a trusted origin over attacker-controlled content after a single user tap, enabling credential harvesting, malware delivery, or social engineering through fake login, update, or payment pages.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 18:36 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Fenrir Sleipnir Mobile for Android Affected: 0 , < 3.9.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-15 00:00
Credits
Fanda Dwi Aprilianto
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-109346 (GCVE-0-2026-109346)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-12 16:05 – Updated: 2026-10-26 16:46
VLAI
Title
better-auth 1.3.8-beta.3 before 1.7.0-rc.3 Device Authorization Phishing via /device
Summary
better-auth from 1.3.8-beta.3 before 1.7.0-rc.3 contains a UI misrepresentation vulnerability in the deviceAuthorization plugin because GET /device omits the requesting client_id and scope. Attackers can start a device request via /device/code, trick signed-in users into approving the code, then redeem it at /device/token for a live session token.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-26 16:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
better-auth better-auth Affected: 1.3.8-beta.3 , < 1.7.0-rc.3 (semver)
Unaffected: 1.7.0-rc.3 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:better-auth:better_auth:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-28 00:00
Credits
XlabAITeam liangjs
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-105043 (GCVE-0-2026-105043)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 21:34 – Updated: 2026-10-05 16:13
VLAI
Summary
MathWorks Simulink before R2026b, when showing a crafted .slx file, can have blocks that are never visible in the Simulink Editor but will cause code execution.
Severity
3.6 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-05 16:12 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
mitre CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard E 29/100 over 2132 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MathWorks Simulink Affected: 0 , < R2026b (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-94183 (GCVE-0-2026-94183)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 19:02 – Updated: 2026-09-23 19:31
VLAI
Title
Address bar spoofing risk in affected Android versions of Arc Search
Summary
Arc Search for Android before version 1.12.10 does not display a fullscreen notification when a page enters fullscreen mode while the app is running in the background. A remote attacker can exploit this via a specially crafted website to render fake UI elements, such as a spoofed address bar, misleading the user about the origin of displayed content and increasing the risk of phishing.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 19:31 UTC
CWE
Assigner
BCNY CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 4 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
The Browser Company of New York Arc Search Affected: 0 , < 1.12.10 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-23 18:59
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-94181 (GCVE-0-2026-94181)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 18:55 – Updated: 2026-09-23 19:35
VLAI
Title
Address Bar Spoof Risk; Missing Fullscreen Notification via Select Element
Summary
An address bar spoofing issue in affected versions of Arc could allow an attacker to spoof the browser address bar via a <select> element that triggers requestFullscreen without displaying the fullscreen notification.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 19:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
BCNY CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 4 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
The Browser Company of New York Arc Affected: 0 , < 1.159.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-23 18:48
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-82174 (GCVE-0-2026-82174)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 15:23 – Updated: 2026-11-13 15:23
VLAI
Summary
Dell PowerStore contains a content-injection vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability to display misleading text on the genuine login page for phishing.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-451 - User Interface (UI) Misrepresentation of Critical Information
Assigner
dell CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 575 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell PowerStore 500T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 1000T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 1200T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 3000T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 3200Q Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 3200T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 5000T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 5200Q Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 5200T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 7000T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 9000T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 9200T Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 1500 Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 5500 Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell PowerStore 9500 Affected: 0 , < 5.1.0.0-2798105 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-30 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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    "datePublished": "2026-11-13T15:23:45.724Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-28T07:04:31.457Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-11-13T15:23:45.724Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Perform data validation (e.g. syntax, length, etc.) before interpreting the data.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Output Encoding

Create a strategy for presenting information, and plan for how to display unusual characters.

CAPEC-154: Resource Location Spoofing

An adversary deceives an application or user and convinces them to request a resource from an unintended location. By spoofing the location, the adversary can cause an alternate resource to be used, often one that the adversary controls and can be used to help them achieve their malicious goals.

CAPEC-163: Spear Phishing

An adversary targets a specific user or group with a Phishing (CAPEC-98) attack tailored to a category of users in order to have maximum relevance and deceptive capability. Spear Phishing is an enhanced version of the Phishing attack targeted to a specific user or group. The quality of the targeted email is usually enhanced by appearing to come from a known or trusted entity. If the email account of some trusted entity has been compromised the message may be digitally signed. The message will contain information specific to the targeted users that will enhance the probability that they will follow the URL to the compromised site. For example, the message may indicate knowledge of the targets employment, residence, interests, or other information that suggests familiarity. As soon as the user follows the instructions in the message, the attack proceeds as a standard Phishing attack.

CAPEC-164: Mobile Phishing

An adversary targets mobile phone users with a phishing attack for the purpose of soliciting account passwords or sensitive information from the user. Mobile Phishing is a variation of the Phishing social engineering technique where the attack is initiated via a text or SMS message, rather than email. The user is enticed to provide information or visit a compromised web site via this message. Apart from the manner in which the attack is initiated, the attack proceeds as a standard Phishing attack.

CAPEC-173: Action Spoofing

An adversary is able to disguise one action for another and therefore trick a user into initiating one type of action when they intend to initiate a different action. For example, a user might be led to believe that clicking a button will submit a query, but in fact it downloads software. Adversaries may perform this attack through social means, such as by simply convincing a victim to perform the action or relying on a user's natural inclination to do so, or through technical means, such as a clickjacking attack where a user sees one interface but is actually interacting with a second, invisible, interface.

CAPEC-98: Phishing

Phishing is a social engineering technique where an attacker masquerades as a legitimate entity with which the victim might do business in order to prompt the user to reveal some confidential information (very frequently authentication credentials) that can later be used by an attacker. Phishing is essentially a form of information gathering or "fishing" for information.

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