CWE-522
Allowed-with-ReviewInsufficiently Protected Credentials
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.
1820 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PHCG-H58R-GMCQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-04 20:43 – Updated: 2026-02-04 20:43Impact
PCR14 is not included in the list of PCRs that seal/unseal the vault key. Additionally, the vault key uses SHA1 PCRs instead of SHA256. Thus an attacker with physical access can take out the disk, use a different computer to modify the files in the /config partition, and re-insert the disk and boot without the change being detected by measured boot and remote attestation.
Patches
Fixed in EVE version 9.4.3-lts
Workarounds
None (apart from preventing physical access to the device)
Resources
https://help.zededa.com/hc/en-us/articles/43295940828827-TPM-PCR-Index-Security-Implications https://github.com/lf-edge/eve/commit/d9383a7ee4e1c39f5c8c6d4a63cb2ebd00695e8a
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/lf-edge/eve"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.0.0-20230126065759-d9383a7ee4e1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-43630"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-328",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-04T20:43:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nPCR14 is not included in the list of PCRs that seal/unseal the vault key. Additionally, the vault key uses SHA1 PCRs instead of SHA256.\nThus an attacker with physical access can take out the disk, use a different computer to modify the files in the /config partition, and re-insert the disk and boot without the change being detected by measured boot and remote attestation.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in EVE version 9.4.3-lts\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNone (apart from preventing physical access to the device)\n\n### Resources\n\nhttps://help.zededa.com/hc/en-us/articles/43295940828827-TPM-PCR-Index-Security-Implications\nhttps://github.com/lf-edge/eve/commit/d9383a7ee4e1c39f5c8c6d4a63cb2ebd00695e8a",
"id": "GHSA-phcg-h58r-gmcq",
"modified": "2026-02-04T20:43:16Z",
"published": "2026-02-04T20:43:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lf-edge/eve/security/advisories/GHSA-phcg-h58r-gmcq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-43630"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lf-edge/eve/commit/d9383a7ee4e1c39f5c8c6d4a63cb2ebd00695e8a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://asrg.io/security-advisories/config-partition-not-measured-from-2-fronts"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://asrg.io/security-advisories/cve-2023-43630"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/lf-edge/eve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.zededa.com/hc/en-us/articles/43295940828827-TPM-PCR-Index-Security-Implications"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "EVE Doesn\u0027t Measure Config Partition From 2 Fronts"
}
GHSA-PHP6-83FG-GW3G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-14 14:54 – Updated: 2026-06-09 13:10Detection Method: Kolega.dev Deep Code Scan
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Severity | Medium |
| CWE | CWE-522 (Insufficiently Protected Credentials) |
| Location | packages/server/src/enterprise/controllers/account.controller.ts:128-135 |
| Practical Exploitability | Medium |
| Developer Approver | faizan@kolega.ai |
Description
The checkBasicAuth endpoint validates credentials in plaintext without rate limiting and with direct comparison.
Affected Code
public async checkBasicAuth(req: Request, res: Response) {
const { username, password } = req.body
if (username === process.env.FLOWISE_USERNAME && password === process.env.FLOWISE_PASSWORD) {
return res.json({ message: 'Authentication successful' })
Evidence
Credentials are sent in plaintext in request body and compared directly without hashing. No rate limiting prevents brute force attacks. The endpoint returns different messages for success/failure, enabling enumeration.
Impact
Credential brute-forcing - attackers can attempt unlimited username/password combinations against the basic auth system. Successful attacks grant access to the application.
Recommendation
1) Implement rate limiting on this endpoint, 2) Use constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks, 3) Consider using hashed comparison, 4) Return generic error messages, 5) Add logging for failed attempts.
Notes
The checkBasicAuth endpoint at line 128-135 has multiple security issues: (1) No rate limiting - the RateLimiterManager only applies to chatflow-specific endpoints, not auth endpoints. Attackers can perform unlimited brute force attempts. (2) Uses JavaScript === operator for comparison which is not constant-time, potentially enabling timing attacks. (3) Returns different messages for success ('Authentication successful') vs failure ('Authentication failed'), enabling credential enumeration. The endpoint compares plaintext credentials against environment variables FLOWISE_USERNAME and FLOWISE_PASSWORD. While this is basic auth for simpler deployments, the lack of rate limiting makes it actively exploitable for credential brute-forcing.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.1.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "flowise"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-46440"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-14T14:54:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-08T16:16:41Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "**Detection Method:** Kolega.dev Deep Code Scan\n\n| Attribute | Value |\n|---|---|\n| Severity | Medium |\n| CWE | CWE-522 (Insufficiently Protected Credentials) |\n| Location | packages/server/src/enterprise/controllers/account.controller.ts:128-135 |\n| Practical Exploitability | Medium |\n| Developer Approver | faizan@kolega.ai |\n\n### Description\nThe checkBasicAuth endpoint validates credentials in plaintext without rate limiting and with direct comparison.\n\n### Affected Code\n```\npublic async checkBasicAuth(req: Request, res: Response) {\n const { username, password } = req.body\n if (username === process.env.FLOWISE_USERNAME \u0026\u0026 password === process.env.FLOWISE_PASSWORD) {\n return res.json({ message: \u0027Authentication successful\u0027 })\n```\n\n### Evidence\nCredentials are sent in plaintext in request body and compared directly without hashing. No rate limiting prevents brute force attacks. The endpoint returns different messages for success/failure, enabling enumeration.\n\n### Impact\nCredential brute-forcing - attackers can attempt unlimited username/password combinations against the basic auth system. Successful attacks grant access to the application.\n\n### Recommendation\n1) Implement rate limiting on this endpoint, 2) Use constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks, 3) Consider using hashed comparison, 4) Return generic error messages, 5) Add logging for failed attempts.\n\n### Notes\nThe checkBasicAuth endpoint at line 128-135 has multiple security issues: (1) No rate limiting - the RateLimiterManager only applies to chatflow-specific endpoints, not auth endpoints. Attackers can perform unlimited brute force attempts. (2) Uses JavaScript === operator for comparison which is not constant-time, potentially enabling timing attacks. (3) Returns different messages for success (\u0027Authentication successful\u0027) vs failure (\u0027Authentication failed\u0027), enabling credential enumeration. The endpoint compares plaintext credentials against environment variables FLOWISE_USERNAME and FLOWISE_PASSWORD. While this is basic auth for simpler deployments, the lack of rate limiting makes it actively exploitable for credential brute-forcing.",
"id": "GHSA-php6-83fg-gw3g",
"modified": "2026-06-09T13:10:09Z",
"published": "2026-05-14T14:54:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/security/advisories/GHSA-php6-83fg-gw3g"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-46440"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/releases/tag/flowise%403.1.2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "FlowiseAI Exposes Basic Auth Credentials via API"
}
GHSA-PHP7-2P2P-VJGJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:49 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:12Dynacolor FCM-MB40 v1.2.0.0 use /etc/appWeb/appweb.pass to store administrative web-interface credentials in cleartext. These credentials can be retrieved via cgi-bin/getuserinfo.cgi?mode=info.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13400"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-08T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Dynacolor FCM-MB40 v1.2.0.0 use /etc/appWeb/appweb.pass to store administrative web-interface credentials in cleartext. These credentials can be retrieved via cgi-bin/getuserinfo.cgi?mode=info.",
"id": "GHSA-php7-2p2p-vjgj",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:12:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:49:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://xor.cat/2019/06/19/fortinet-forticam-vulns"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHX3-9J7M-HXPH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:55An issue was discovered in TeamViewer 14.2.2558. Updating the product as a non-administrative user requires entering administrative credentials into the GUI. Subsequently, these credentials are processed in Teamviewer.exe, which allows any application running in the same non-administrative user context to intercept them in cleartext within process memory. By using this technique, a local attacker is able to obtain administrative credentials in order to elevate privileges. This vulnerability can be exploited by injecting code into Teamviewer.exe which intercepts calls to GetWindowTextW and logs the processed credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-11769"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-11T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in TeamViewer 14.2.2558. Updating the product as a non-administrative user requires entering administrative credentials into the GUI. Subsequently, these credentials are processed in Teamviewer.exe, which allows any application running in the same non-administrative user context to intercept them in cleartext within process memory. By using this technique, a local attacker is able to obtain administrative credentials in order to elevate privileges. This vulnerability can be exploited by injecting code into Teamviewer.exe which intercepts calls to GetWindowTextW and logs the processed credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-phx3-9j7m-hxph",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:55:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.to.com/advisory-teamviewer-cve-2019-11769-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.teamviewer.com/t5/Knowledge-Base/tkb-p/Knowledgebase?type=label\u0026labels=Security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PJ8J-WRF5-7MGP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-19 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-19 15:30IBM Aspera Faspex 5.0.0 through 5.0.7 could allow a local user to escalate their privileges due to insecure credential storage. IBM X-Force ID: 259677.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-37400"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-19T14:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Aspera Faspex 5.0.0 through 5.0.7 could allow a local user to escalate their privileges due to insecure credential storage. IBM X-Force ID: 259677.",
"id": "GHSA-pj8j-wrf5-7mgp",
"modified": "2024-04-19T15:30:47Z",
"published": "2024-04-19T15:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/259677"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7148631"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PJGR-W4JM-QXGM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-13 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-13 21:30An NTLM hash leak in Venki Supravizio BPM up to 18.0.1 allows authenticated attackers with Application Administrator access to escalate privileges on the underlying host system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-46480"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-13T20:15:28Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An NTLM hash leak in Venki Supravizio BPM up to 18.0.1 allows authenticated attackers with Application Administrator access to escalate privileges on the underlying host system.",
"id": "GHSA-pjgr-w4jm-qxgm",
"modified": "2025-01-13T21:30:53Z",
"published": "2025-01-13T21:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-46480"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Lorenzo-de-Sa/Vulnerability-Research"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Lorenzo-de-Sa/Vulnerability-Research/blob/main/CVE-2024-46480.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.venki.com.br/ferramenta-bpm/supravizio"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PJV9-RW8R-7262
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-05 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-14 00:00The programming protocol allows for a previously entered password and lock state to be read by an attacker. If the previously entered password was successful, the attacker can then use the password to unlock Automation Direct CLICK PLC CPU Modules: C0-1x CPUs with firmware prior to v3.00.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-32978"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-04T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The programming protocol allows for a previously entered password and lock state to be read by an attacker. If the previously entered password was successful, the attacker can then use the password to unlock Automation Direct CLICK PLC CPU Modules: C0-1x CPUs with firmware prior to v3.00.",
"id": "GHSA-pjv9-rw8r-7262",
"modified": "2022-04-14T00:00:43Z",
"published": "2022-04-05T00:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32978"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-21-166-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PJXW-F6XF-RJ75
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:09 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:09The installation process in IBM Security AppScan Enterprise 8.x before 8.6.0.2 iFix 003, 8.7.x before 8.7.0.1 iFix 003, 8.8.x before 8.8.0.1 iFix 002, and 9.0.x before 9.0.0.1 iFix 001 on Linux places a cleartext password in a temporary file, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information by reading this file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-4806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-08-29T09:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The installation process in IBM Security AppScan Enterprise 8.x before 8.6.0.2 iFix 003, 8.7.x before 8.7.0.1 iFix 003, 8.8.x before 8.8.0.1 iFix 002, and 9.0.x before 9.0.0.1 iFix 001 on Linux places a cleartext password in a temporary file, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information by reading this file.",
"id": "GHSA-pjxw-f6xf-rj75",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:09:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:09:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-4806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/95354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21682642"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/69435"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PM3G-P264-JQ6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-12 06:30 – Updated: 2026-01-14 18:31Insufficiently Protected Credentials vulnerability in Broadcom DX NetOps Spectrum on Windows, Linux allows Sniffing Attacks.This issue affects DX NetOps Spectrum: 24.3.13 and earlier.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-69271"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-12T05:16:11Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Insufficiently Protected Credentials vulnerability in Broadcom DX NetOps Spectrum on Windows, Linux allows Sniffing Attacks.This issue affects DX NetOps Spectrum: 24.3.13 and earlier.",
"id": "GHSA-pm3g-p264-jq6h",
"modified": "2026-01-14T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2026-01-12T06:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69271"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.broadcom.com/web/ecx/support-content-notification/-/external/content/SecurityAdvisories/0/36756"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PM46-RMC8-J8J3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:21 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:21A vulnerability in specific versions of Zyxel NBG6818, NBG7815, WSQ20, WSQ50, WSQ60, and WSR30 firmware with pre-configured password management could allow an attacker to obtain root access of the device, if the local attacker dismantles the device and uses a USB-to-UART cable to connect the device, or if the remote assistance feature had been enabled by an authenticated user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-35033"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-23T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in specific versions of Zyxel NBG6818, NBG7815, WSQ20, WSQ50, WSQ60, and WSR30 firmware with pre-configured password management could allow an attacker to obtain root access of the device, if the local attacker dismantles the device and uses a USB-to-UART cable to connect the device, or if the remote assistance feature had been enabled by an authenticated user.",
"id": "GHSA-pm46-rmc8-j8j3",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:21:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:21:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-35033"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2022-06"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zyxel.com/support/Zyxel_security_advisory_for_pre-configured_password_management_vulnerability_of_home_routers_and_WiFi_systems.shtml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft
An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.
CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation
An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing
An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.