CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-564J-V29W-RQR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-08 14:57 – Updated: 2024-07-08 14:57Summary
An attacker can use the next parameter on the login page to redirect a victim to a malicious page, while masking this using a legit-looking app.khoj.dev url.
For example, https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com will redirect to the https://example.com page.
Details
The problem seems to be in this method: https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/blob/2667ef45449eb408ce1d7c393be04845be31e15f/src/khoj/routers/auth.py#L95
PoC
Open the https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com url in a Gecko-based browser (Firefox).
Impact
The impact is low, and this could only be used in phishing attempts, but it's still a problem nonetheless.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "khoj-assistant"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.14.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-08T14:57:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nAn attacker can use the `next` parameter on the login page to redirect a victim to a malicious page, while masking this using a legit-looking `app.khoj.dev` url.\nFor example, `https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com` will redirect to the https://example.com page.\n\n### Details\nThe problem seems to be in this method: https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/blob/2667ef45449eb408ce1d7c393be04845be31e15f/src/khoj/routers/auth.py#L95\n\n### PoC\nOpen the `https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com` url in a Gecko-based browser (Firefox).\n\n### Impact\nThe impact is low, and this could only be used in phishing attempts, but it\u0027s still a problem nonetheless.",
"id": "GHSA-564j-v29w-rqr6",
"modified": "2024-07-08T14:57:43Z",
"published": "2024-07-08T14:57:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/security/advisories/GHSA-564j-v29w-rqr6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/commit/4daf16e5f916641304e11d56a6071ad365c21a18"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/blob/2667ef45449eb408ce1d7c393be04845be31e15f/src/khoj/routers/auth.py#L95"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Khoj Open Redirect Vulnerability in Login Page"
}
GHSA-564P-RX2Q-4C8V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-04-15 19:33An open redirect vulnerability in bentoml/bentoml v1.3.9 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to arbitrary websites via a specially crafted URL. This can be exploited for phishing attacks, malware distribution, and credential theft.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "bentoml"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.3.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-21T17:37:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability in bentoml/bentoml v1.3.9 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to arbitrary websites via a specially crafted URL. This can be exploited for phishing attacks, malware distribution, and credential theft.",
"id": "GHSA-564p-rx2q-4c8v",
"modified": "2025-04-15T19:33:55Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4940"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/bentoml/BentoML"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/2a284ff6-cc6c-4a10-b72e-1bb31c842bca"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/35aaea93-6895-4f03-9c1b-cd992665aa60"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "BentoML Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-56H9-PGHV-8MP7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-20 09:31 – Updated: 2025-02-20 09:31The WPMobile.App plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 11.56. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect URL supplied via the 'redirect' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-13888"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-20T09:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WPMobile.App plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 11.56. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect URL supplied via the \u0027redirect\u0027 parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.",
"id": "GHSA-56h9-pghv-8mp7",
"modified": "2025-02-20T09:31:36Z",
"published": "2025-02-20T09:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3243366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wpappninja/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a139f0fc-f3e0-4759-aa8d-ba138e5ccc87?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56M9-2H59-X23M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-09 00:00 – Updated: 2021-12-10 00:00A url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in Fortinet FortiWeb version 6.4.1 and 6.4.0, version 6.3.15 and below, version 6.2.6 and below allows attacker to use the device as a proxy and reach external or protected hosts via redirection handlers.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-43064"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-08T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A url redirection to untrusted site (\u0027open redirect\u0027) in Fortinet FortiWeb version 6.4.1 and 6.4.0, version 6.3.15 and below, version 6.2.6 and below allows attacker to use the device as a proxy and reach external or protected hosts via redirection handlers.",
"id": "GHSA-56m9-2h59-x23m",
"modified": "2021-12-10T00:00:59Z",
"published": "2021-12-09T00:00:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43064"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/advisory/FG-IR-21-168"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-56MV-MQ74-FQQV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 06:30 – Updated: 2026-02-10 06:30Due to missing authorization check in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP and SAP S/4HANA, an authenticated attacker could access a specific transaction code and modify the text data in the system. This vulnerability has a high impact on integrity of the application with no effect on the confidentiality and availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-0484"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T04:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to missing authorization check in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP and SAP S/4HANA, an authenticated attacker could access a specific transaction code and modify the text data in the system. This vulnerability has a high impact on integrity of the application with no effect on the confidentiality and availability.",
"id": "GHSA-56mv-mq74-fqqv",
"modified": "2026-02-10T06:30:37Z",
"published": "2026-02-10T06:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3672622"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56MX-V8HF-V789
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:43 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:43Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Pivotal Cloud Foundry (PCF) Elastic Runtime before 1.6.30 and 1.7.x before 1.7.8 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-0928"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-18T02:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Pivotal Cloud Foundry (PCF) Elastic Runtime before 1.6.30 and 1.7.x before 1.7.8 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-56mx-v8hf-v789",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:43:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:43:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-0928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pivotal.io/security/cve-2016-0928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91550"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56P3-RRP4-2J82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:54 – Updated: 2024-10-15 17:15The isURLInPortal method in the URLTool class in in_portal.py in Plone 2.1 through 4.1, 4.2.x through 4.2.5, and 4.3.x through 4.3.1 treats URLs starting with a space as a relative URL, which allows remote attackers to bypass the allow_external_login_sites filtering property, redirect users to arbitrary web sites, and conduct phishing attacks via a space before a URL in the "next" parameter to acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.2"
},
{
"fixed": "4.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.3"
},
{
"fixed": "4.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-4200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-02-14T00:44:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2014-01-21T16:06:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The isURLInPortal method in the URLTool class in in_portal.py in Plone 2.1 through 4.1, 4.2.x through 4.2.5, and 4.3.x through 4.3.1 treats URLs starting with a space as a relative URL, which allows remote attackers to bypass the allow_external_login_sites filtering property, redirect users to arbitrary web sites, and conduct phishing attacks via a space before a URL in the \"next\" parameter to acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login.",
"id": "GHSA-56p3-rrp4-2j82",
"modified": "2024-10-15T17:15:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:54:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-4200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2013-4200"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Plone"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/plone/PYSEC-2014-64.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://plone.org/products/plone-hotfix/releases/20130618"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://plone.org/products/plone/security/advisories/20130618-announcement"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2013/08/01/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Plone Open Redirection vulnerability via next parameter"
}
GHSA-56QV-9P9C-2Q4V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:44 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:44Dell EMC Avamar Client Manager in Dell EMC Avamar Server versions 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.4.0, 7.4.1, 7.5.0, 7.5.1, 18.1 and Dell EMC Integrated Data Protection Appliance (IDPA) versions 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2 contain an open redirection vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to redirect application users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links. The vulnerability could be used to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-11067"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-26T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell EMC Avamar Client Manager in Dell EMC Avamar Server versions 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.4.0, 7.4.1, 7.5.0, 7.5.1, 18.1 and Dell EMC Integrated Data Protection Appliance (IDPA) versions 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2 contain an open redirection vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to redirect application users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links. The vulnerability could be used to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-56qv-9p9c-2q4v",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:44:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:44:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-11067"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2018/Nov/49"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2018-0029.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105969"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1042153"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56XG-W34F-M5R4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:42 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:42IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) Liberty, as used in IBM Security Privileged Identity Manager (ISPIM) Virtual Appliance 2.x before 2.0.2 FP8, allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-3040"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-26T04:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) Liberty, as used in IBM Security Privileged Identity Manager (ISPIM) Virtual Appliance 2.x before 2.0.2 FP8, allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-56xg-w34f-m5r4",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:42:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:42:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3040"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21989205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92986"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5746-CVMJ-7X62
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:25 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:25Open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module in Drupal 7.x before 7.41, the jQuery Update module 7.x-2.x before 7.x-2.7 for Drupal, and the LABjs module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.8 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-3233.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-7943"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-10-18T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module in Drupal 7.x before 7.41, the jQuery Update module 7.x-2.x before 7.x-2.7 for Drupal, and the LABjs module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.8 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-3233.",
"id": "GHSA-5746-cvmj-7x62",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:25:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:25:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-7943"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/forum/newsletters/security-advisories-for-drupal-core/2015-10-21/drupal-core-overlay-less-critical"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/node/2598426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/node/2598434"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3897"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/77293"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.