CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6GF2-FFQ8-GCWW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-08 22:03 – Updated: 2025-01-08 22:03SickChill is an automatic video library manager for TV shows. A user-controlled login endpoint's next_ parameter takes arbitrary content. Prior to commit c7128a8946c3701df95c285810eb75b2de18bf82, an authenticated attacker may use this to redirect the user to arbitrary destinations, leading to open redirect. Commit c7128a8946c3701df95c285810eb75b2de18bf82 changes the login page to redirect to settings.DEFAULT_PAGE instead of to the next parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "sickchill"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2024.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-53995"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-08T22:03:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-08T21:15:12Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "SickChill is an automatic video library manager for TV shows. A user-controlled `login` endpoint\u0027s `next_` parameter takes arbitrary content. Prior to commit c7128a8946c3701df95c285810eb75b2de18bf82, an authenticated attacker may use this to redirect the user to arbitrary destinations, leading to open redirect. Commit c7128a8946c3701df95c285810eb75b2de18bf82 changes the login page to redirect to `settings.DEFAULT_PAGE` instead of to the `next` parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-6gf2-ffq8-gcww",
"modified": "2025-01-08T22:03:58Z",
"published": "2025-01-08T22:03:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-53995"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/SickChill/sickchill/pull/8811"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/SickChill/sickchill/commit/c7128a8946c3701df95c285810eb75b2de18bf82"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/SickChill/sickchill"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/SickChill/sickchill/blob/846adafdfab579281353ea08a27bbb813f9a9872/sickchill/views/authentication.py#L33"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-283_GHSL-2024-291_sickchill_sickchill"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "GHSL-2024-288: SickChill open redirect in login"
}
GHSA-6GF6-24H2-66J4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-15 20:48 – Updated: 2024-05-15 20:48Drupal 7 has an Open Redirect vulnerability. For example, a user could be tricked into visiting a specially crafted link which would redirect them to an arbitrary external URL.
The vulnerability is caused by insufficient validation of the destination query parameter in the drupal_goto() function.
Other versions of Drupal core are not vulnerable.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.70"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-15T20:48:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Drupal 7 has an Open Redirect vulnerability. For example, a user could be tricked into visiting a specially crafted link which would redirect them to an arbitrary external URL.\n\nThe vulnerability is caused by insufficient validation of the destination query parameter in the drupal_goto() function.\n\nOther versions of Drupal core are not vulnerable.",
"id": "GHSA-6gf6-24h2-66j4",
"modified": "2024-05-15T20:48:59Z",
"published": "2024-05-15T20:48:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/drupal/core/2020-05-20-1.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/drupal/core"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-core-2020-003"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Drupal core Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-6GV3-MM64-V4C8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-08 03:31 – Updated: 2025-07-08 03:31Due to insufficient sanitization in the SAP BusinessObjects Content Administrator Workbench, attackers could craft malicious URLs and execute scripts in a victim�s browser. This could potentially lead to the exposure or modification of web client data, resulting in low impact on confidentiality and integrity, with no impact on application availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-42985"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-08T01:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to insufficient sanitization in the SAP BusinessObjects Content Administrator Workbench, attackers could craft malicious URLs and execute scripts in a victim\ufffds browser. This could potentially lead to the exposure or modification of web client data, resulting in low impact on confidentiality and integrity, with no impact on application availability.",
"id": "GHSA-6gv3-mm64-v4c8",
"modified": "2025-07-08T03:31:01Z",
"published": "2025-07-08T03:31:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-42985"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3617380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6GVJ-8VC5-8V3J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-15 20:52 – Updated: 2023-05-15 20:52Impact
It's possible to exploit well known parameters in XWiki URLs to perform redirection to untrusted site. This vulnerability was partially fixed in the past for XWiki 12.10.7 and 13.3RC1 but there is still the possibility to force specific URLs to skip some checks, e.g. using URLs like http:example.com in the parameter would allow the redirect.
Patches
The issue has now been patched against all patterns that we know about for performing redirect. It also performs a real URI parsing that should protect in most cases. This has been patched in XWiki 14.10.4 and 15.0.
Workarounds
The only workaround is to upgrade XWiki.
References
- JIRA ticket: https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20096
- JIRA ticket about the improvment actually fixing the vulnerability: https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20549
- Previous advisory about open redirect: https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-jp55-vvmf-63mv
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in Jira XWiki.org * Email us at Security Mailing List
Attribution
Thanks to Paulos Mesfin who originally reported the vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "14.10.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32068"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-15T20:52:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-15T21:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nIt\u0027s possible to exploit well known parameters in XWiki URLs to perform redirection to untrusted site. This vulnerability was partially fixed in the past for XWiki 12.10.7 and 13.3RC1 but there is still the possibility to force specific URLs to skip some checks, e.g. using URLs like `http:example.com` in the parameter would allow the redirect. \n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue has now been patched against all patterns that we know about for performing redirect. It also performs a real URI parsing that should protect in most cases. This has been patched in XWiki 14.10.4 and 15.0. \n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe only workaround is to upgrade XWiki.\n\n### References\n\n * JIRA ticket: https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20096\n * JIRA ticket about the improvment actually fixing the vulnerability: https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20549\n * Previous advisory about open redirect: https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-jp55-vvmf-63mv\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [Jira XWiki.org](https://jira.xwiki.org/)\n* Email us at [Security Mailing List](mailto:security@xwiki.org)\n\n## Attribution \n\nThanks to Paulos Mesfin who originally reported the vulnerability. ",
"id": "GHSA-6gvj-8vc5-8v3j",
"modified": "2023-05-15T20:52:19Z",
"published": "2023-05-15T20:52:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/security/advisories/GHSA-6gvj-8vc5-8v3j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32068"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/e4f7f68e93cb08c25632c126356d218abf192d1e"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-jp55-vvmf-63mv"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20096"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20549"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-6GXP-J33J-9P33
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:36 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:03Host Header Injection in Spiceworks 7.5.7.0 allowing the attacker to render arbitrary links that point to a malicious website with poisoned Host header webpages.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25901"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-18T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Host Header Injection in Spiceworks 7.5.7.0 allowing the attacker to render arbitrary links that point to a malicious website with poisoned Host header webpages.",
"id": "GHSA-6gxp-j33j-9p33",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:03:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:36:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25901"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://frontend.spiceworks.com/topic/2309457-desktop-host-header-injection-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Ramikan/Vulnerabilities/blob/master/Spiceworks%20version%207.5%20HTTP%20Header%20Injection"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/160631/Spiceworks-7.5-HTTP-Header-Injection.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6H63-W9WM-RCCQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-05-28 00:00Unvalidated client-side URL redirect vulnerability in McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator (ePO) prior to 5.10 Update 10 could cause an authenticated ePO user to load an untrusted site in an ePO iframe which could steal information from the authenticated user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-23888"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-26T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Unvalidated client-side URL redirect vulnerability in McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator (ePO) prior to 5.10 Update 10 could cause an authenticated ePO user to load an untrusted site in an ePO iframe which could steal information from the authenticated user.",
"id": "GHSA-6h63-w9wm-rccq",
"modified": "2022-05-28T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:45:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content\u0026id=SB10352"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6HCW-QQR8-PJJ8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-01 09:31 – Updated: 2026-07-07 23:47A bug in the login redirect route in Apache Airflow allowed authenticated users to craft URLs that bypassed the is_safe_url check, enabling redirection from a trusted Airflow domain to an attacker-controlled origin. Users are advised to upgrade to apache-airflow 3.2.2 or later. As a defense-in-depth mitigation, deployment operators can place Airflow behind a reverse proxy that strips off-domain next= query parameters before they reach the login endpoint.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "apache-airflow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-40961"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-07T23:47:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-01T09:16:18Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A bug in the login redirect route in Apache Airflow allowed authenticated users to craft URLs that bypassed the `is_safe_url` check, enabling redirection from a trusted Airflow domain to an attacker-controlled origin. Users are advised to upgrade to `apache-airflow` 3.2.2 or later. As a defense-in-depth mitigation, deployment operators can place Airflow behind a reverse proxy that strips off-domain `next=` query parameters before they reach the login endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-6hcw-qqr8-pjj8",
"modified": "2026-07-07T23:47:17Z",
"published": "2026-06-01T09:31:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40961"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/pull/65557"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/qmt8ksh7gty6b8hr9w294t94j36jdv1q"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/05/31/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Airflow: Authenticated users can bypass the `is_safe_url` check"
}
GHSA-6HJ4-V2QP-CQR2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-23 06:30 – Updated: 2025-08-25 20:46Open Redirect vulnerability in /c/portal/edit_info_item parameter redirect in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.86 through 7.4.3.131, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q3.1 through 2024.Q3.9, 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.13, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12 and 7.4 update 86 through update 92 allows an attacker to exploit this security vulnerability to redirect users to a malicious site.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay:com.liferay.info.impl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.69"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43767"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-25T20:46:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-23T04:15:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Redirect vulnerability in /c/portal/edit_info_item parameter redirect in Liferay Portal 7.4.3.86 through 7.4.3.131, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q3.1 through 2024.Q3.9, 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.13, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12 and 7.4 update 86 through update 92 allows an attacker to exploit this security vulnerability to redirect users to a malicious site.",
"id": "GHSA-6hj4-v2qp-cqr2",
"modified": "2025-08-25T20:46:28Z",
"published": "2025-08-23T06:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43767"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/04d6892c12f8c3d12085124b6cb856dfacb9bb89"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.atlassian.net/browse/LPE-18139"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2025-43767"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal allows open redirect in /c/portal/edit_info_item parameter redirect"
}
GHSA-6JHX-V9G5-JH55
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2023-01-30 21:30IBM Jazz for Service Management 1.1.3, 1.1.3.1, and 1.1.3.2 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 159122.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-4201"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-06T01:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Jazz for Service Management 1.1.3, 1.1.3.1, and 1.1.3.2 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 159122.",
"id": "GHSA-6jhx-v9g5-jh55",
"modified": "2023-01-30T21:30:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-4201"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/159122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10885592"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6JJ9-R558-4XVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:59 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:59An issue was discovered in Kabona AB WebDatorCentral (WDC) application prior to Version 3.4.0. This non-validated redirect/non-validated forward (OPEN REDIRECT) allows chaining with authenticated vulnerabilities.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-8376"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-02-13T21:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Kabona AB WebDatorCentral (WDC) application prior to Version 3.4.0. This non-validated redirect/non-validated forward (OPEN REDIRECT) allows chaining with authenticated vulnerabilities.",
"id": "GHSA-6jj9-r558-4xvv",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:59:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:59:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-8376"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-16-287-07"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93547"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.