CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-7F4F-P7MQ-P4FV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-15 20:24 – Updated: 2024-05-15 20:24The path module in Drupal allows users with the 'administer paths' to create pretty URLs for content. In certain circumstances the user can enter a particular path that triggers an open redirect to a malicious url.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.60"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.6.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-15T20:24:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The path module in Drupal allows users with the \u0027administer paths\u0027 to create pretty URLs for content.\nIn certain circumstances the user can enter a particular path that triggers an open redirect to a malicious url.",
"id": "GHSA-7f4f-p7mq-p4fv",
"modified": "2024-05-15T20:24:16Z",
"published": "2024-05-15T20:24:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/drupal/core/2018-10-17-2.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/drupal/core"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-core-2018-006"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Drupal External URL injection through URL aliases leading to Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-7F74-7Q5W-HJ4R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-26 19:05 – Updated: 2026-03-27 21:50Impact
The external URL detection used for redirect validation on unauthenticated endpoints could be bypassed, allowing users to be redirected to external URLs after actions like form submissions and authentication flows.
Patches
This has been fixed in 5.73.16 and 6.7.2.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "statamic/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.73.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "statamic/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0.alpha.1"
},
{
"fixed": "6.7.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33885"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-26T19:05:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T21:17:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe external URL detection used for redirect validation on unauthenticated endpoints could be bypassed, allowing users to be redirected to external URLs after actions like form submissions and authentication flows.\n\n### Patches\nThis has been fixed in 5.73.16 and 6.7.2.",
"id": "GHSA-7f74-7q5w-hj4r",
"modified": "2026-03-27T21:50:33Z",
"published": "2026-03-26T19:05:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/statamic/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-7f74-7q5w-hj4r"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33885"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/statamic/cms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Statamic has an Open Redirect on unauthenticated endpoints via URL parsing differential"
}
GHSA-7F8R-WRHJ-9GH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in WPWebinarSystem WebinarPress allows Phishing. This issue affects WebinarPress: from n/a through 1.33.27.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32693"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-09T17:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in WPWebinarSystem WebinarPress allows Phishing. This issue affects WebinarPress: from n/a through 1.33.27.",
"id": "GHSA-7f8r-wrhj-9gh8",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:37Z",
"published": "2025-04-09T18:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32693"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-webinarsystem/vulnerability/wordpress-webinarpress-1-33-27-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7FHQ-XRQV-8MQQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:24 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:24An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. Safari before 11.0.2 is affected. iCloud before 7.2 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.2 on Windows is affected. tvOS before 11.2 is affected. watchOS before 4.2 is affected. The issue involves the "WebKit" component. It allows remote attackers to spoof user-interface information (about whether the entire content is derived from a valid TLS session) via a crafted web site that sends a 401 Unauthorized redirect.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-7153"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-03T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. Safari before 11.0.2 is affected. iCloud before 7.2 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.2 on Windows is affected. tvOS before 11.2 is affected. watchOS before 4.2 is affected. The issue involves the \"WebKit\" component. It allows remote attackers to spoof user-interface information (about whether the entire content is derived from a valid TLS session) via a crafted web site that sends a 401 Unauthorized redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-7fhq-xrqv-8mqq",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:24:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:24:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-7153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208324"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208325"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208327"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208328"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208334"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3551-1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7FM7-3FM9-2J98
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10SAP NetWeaver Knowledge Management allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary websites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL stored in a component. This could enable the attacker to compromise the user's confidentiality and integrity.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-33707"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-10T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver Knowledge Management allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary websites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL stored in a component. This could enable the attacker to compromise the user\u0027s confidentiality and integrity.",
"id": "GHSA-7fm7-3fm9-2j98",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:10:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-33707"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3076399"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=582222806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/165748/SAP-Enterprise-Portal-Open-Redirect.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Jan/73"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-7GPQ-XM56-5FP3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-23 12:31 – Updated: 2025-10-23 12:31Open redirection vulnerability in MOLGENIS EMX2 v11.14.0. This vulnerability allows an attacker to create a malicious URL using a manipulated redirection parameter, potentially leading users to phishing sites or other malicious destinations via “/%2f%2f”.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10355"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-23T12:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirection vulnerability in MOLGENIS EMX2 v11.14.0. This vulnerability allows an attacker to create a malicious URL using a manipulated redirection parameter, potentially leading users to phishing sites or other malicious destinations via \u201c/%2f%2f\u003cMALICIOUS_DOMAIN\u003e\u201d.",
"id": "GHSA-7gpq-xm56-5fp3",
"modified": "2025-10-23T12:31:16Z",
"published": "2025-10-23T12:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10355"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/open-redirection-vulnerability-molgenis-emx2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-7GQ2-VWQ9-W8VW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-11 15:31 – Updated: 2024-09-11 17:30In Eclipse Glassfish versions prior to 7.0.10, a URL redirection vulnerability to untrusted sites existed. This vulnerability is caused by the vulnerability (CVE-2023-41080) in the Apache code included in GlassFish. This vulnerability only affects applications that are explicitly deployed to the root context ('/').
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.glassfish.main.web:web-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.0.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8646"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-11T17:30:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-11T14:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Eclipse Glassfish versions prior to 7.0.10, a URL redirection vulnerability to untrusted sites existed.\nThis vulnerability is caused by the vulnerability (CVE-2023-41080) in the Apache code included in GlassFish.\nThis vulnerability only affects applications that are explicitly deployed to the root context (\u0027/\u0027).",
"id": "GHSA-7gq2-vwq9-w8vw",
"modified": "2024-09-11T17:30:47Z",
"published": "2024-09-11T15:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8646"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-ee4j/glassfish/pull/24655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-ee4j/glassfish/commit/06b80012761d07f6e40e40aa6b0133465b0bd145"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-ee4j/glassfish"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.eclipse.org/security/cve-assignement/-/issues/34"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.eclipse.org/security/vulnerability-reports/-/issues/163"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://glassfish.org/download"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Eclipse Glassfish URL redirection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-7GQ4-CWQG-9HJ4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-31 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-06 00:01An issue was discovered in Joomla! 2.5.0 through 3.10.6 & 4.0.0 through 4.1.0. Inadequate validation of URLs could result into an invalid check whether an redirect URL is internal or not.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-23798"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-30T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Joomla! 2.5.0 through 3.10.6 \u0026 4.0.0 through 4.1.0. Inadequate validation of URLs could result into an invalid check whether an redirect URL is internal or not.",
"id": "GHSA-7gq4-cwqg-9hj4",
"modified": "2022-04-06T00:01:49Z",
"published": "2022-03-31T00:00:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23798"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://developer.joomla.org/security-centre/875-20220306-core-inadequate-validation-of-internal-urls.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7GXQ-5QQC-V3FC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:08 – Updated: 2023-08-28 23:52Open redirect vulnerability in the Access tracking mechanism in TYPO3 4.5.x before 4.5.24, 4.6.x before 4.6.17, 4.7.x before 4.7.9, and 6.0.x before 6.0.3 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.5.24"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.6.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.7.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-1843"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-28T23:52:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2013-03-20T15:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the Access tracking mechanism in TYPO3 4.5.x before 4.5.24, 4.6.x before 4.6.17, 4.7.x before 4.7.9, and 6.0.x before 6.0.3 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-7gxq-5qqc-v3fc",
"modified": "2023-08-28T23:52:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:08:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-1843"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/core"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2013-03/msg00079.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/52433"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/52638"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://typo3.org/support/teamssecuritysecurity-bulletins/security-bulletins-single-view/article/sql-injection-and-open-redirection-in-typo3-core"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2013/dsa-2646"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2013/03/12/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/90924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/58330"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "TYPO3 Open redirect vulnerability in the Access tracking mechanism "
}
GHSA-7H64-GQV5-V79F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-19 09:31 – Updated: 2026-06-05 15:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Pusula Communication Information Internet Industry and Trade Ltd. Co. Manageable Email Sending System allows Exploiting Trust in Client.This issue affects Manageable Email Sending System: from <=2025.06 before 2025.08.06.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7702"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-19T08:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Pusula Communication Information Internet Industry and Trade Ltd. Co. Manageable Email Sending System allows Exploiting Trust in Client.This issue affects Manageable Email Sending System: from \u003c=2025.06 before 2025.08.06.",
"id": "GHSA-7h64-gqv5-v79f",
"modified": "2026-06-05T15:32:05Z",
"published": "2025-09-19T09:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-25-0274"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.usom.gov.tr/bildirim/tr-25-0274"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.