CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-78FW-W53R-PGWG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-15 15:30 – Updated: 2025-04-15 21:31Thunderbird processes the X-Mozilla-External-Attachment-URL header to handle attachments which can be hosted externally. When an email is opened, Thunderbird accesses the specified URL to determine file size, and navigates to it when the user clicks the attachment. Because the URL is not validated or sanitized, it can reference internal resources like chrome:// or SMB share file:// links, potentially leading to hashed Windows credential leakage and opening the door to more serious security issues. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird < 137.0.2 and Thunderbird < 128.9.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3522"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-15T15:16:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Thunderbird processes the X-Mozilla-External-Attachment-URL header to handle attachments which can be hosted externally. When an email is opened, Thunderbird accesses the specified URL to determine file size, and navigates to it when the user clicks the attachment. Because the URL is not validated or sanitized, it can reference internal resources like chrome:// or SMB share file:// links, potentially leading to hashed Windows credential leakage and opening the door to more serious security issues. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird \u003c 137.0.2 and Thunderbird \u003c 128.9.2.",
"id": "GHSA-78fw-w53r-pgwg",
"modified": "2025-04-15T21:31:42Z",
"published": "2025-04-15T15:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3522"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1955372"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-26"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-27"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-78P5-9W95-JC9J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 09:30 – Updated: 2025-11-18 09:30SolarWinds Observability Self-Hosted is susceptible to an open redirection vulnerability. The URL is not properly sanitized, and an attacker could manipulate the string to redirect a user to a malicious site. The attack complexity is high, and authentication is required.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-40545"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T09:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SolarWinds Observability Self-Hosted is susceptible to an open redirection vulnerability. The URL is not properly sanitized, and an attacker could manipulate the string to redirect a user to a malicious site. The attack complexity is high, and authentication is required.",
"id": "GHSA-78p5-9w95-jc9j",
"modified": "2025-11-18T09:30:52Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T09:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-40545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.solarwinds.com/en/success_center/orionplatform/content/release_notes/hco_2025-4-1_release_notes.htm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/CVE-2025-40545"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-78QJ-768G-464G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:49 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:06GNU Wget through 1.21.1 does not omit the Authorization header upon a redirect to a different origin, a related issue to CVE-2018-1000007.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-31879"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-29T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "GNU Wget through 1.21.1 does not omit the Authorization header upon a redirect to a different origin, a related issue to CVE-2018-1000007.",
"id": "GHSA-78qj-768g-464g",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:06:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:49:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mail.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-wget/2021-02/msg00002.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210618-0002"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-793H-885V-RXRH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 00:30 – Updated: 2026-04-02 21:32The issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.4, visionOS 2.4, iOS 18.4 and iPadOS 18.4, macOS Sequoia 15.4. A malicious website may be able to claim WebAuthn credentials from another website that shares a registrable suffix.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24180"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T23:15:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.4, visionOS 2.4, iOS 18.4 and iPadOS 18.4, macOS Sequoia 15.4. A malicious website may be able to claim WebAuthn credentials from another website that shares a registrable suffix.",
"id": "GHSA-793h-885v-rxrh",
"modified": "2026-04-02T21:32:12Z",
"published": "2025-04-01T00:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24180"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122371"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122376"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122378"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122379"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/13"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-797H-QJWJ-28JC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:02 – Updated: 2023-05-25 21:30mod_auth_openidc before version 2.4.0.1 is vulnerable to a None
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-14857"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-11-26T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "mod_auth_openidc before version 2.4.0.1 is vulnerable to a None",
"id": "GHSA-797h-qjwj-28jc",
"modified": "2023-05-25T21:30:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:02:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-14857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zmartzone/mod_auth_openidc/pull/451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zmartzone/mod_auth_openidc/commit/5c15dfb08106c2451c2c44ce7ace6813c216ba75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zmartzone/mod_auth_openidc/commit/ce37080c6aea30aabae8b4a9b4eea7808445cc8e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-14857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/mod_auth_openidc/boy1Ba3Gdk4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/07/msg00028.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7C75-VJ46-9946
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-29 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in SolidWP Solid Security – Password, Two Factor Authentication, and Brute Force Protection.This issue affects Solid Security – Password, Two Factor Authentication, and Brute Force Protection: from n/a through 8.1.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28786"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-29T10:15:08Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in SolidWP Solid Security \u2013 Password, Two Factor Authentication, and Brute Force Protection.This issue affects Solid Security \u2013 Password, Two Factor Authentication, and Brute Force Protection: from n/a through 8.1.4.",
"id": "GHSA-7c75-vj46-9946",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:38Z",
"published": "2023-12-29T12:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28786"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/better-wp-security/wordpress-ithemes-security-plugin-8-1-4-open-redirection-via-host-header-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7CM7-M385-H89R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-11 00:30 – Updated: 2025-09-11 00:30A vulnerability has been found in Freshwork up to 1.2.3. This impacts an unknown function of the file /api/v2/logout. Such manipulation of the argument post_logout_redirect_uri leads to open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.2.3 will fix this issue. You should upgrade the affected component. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10229"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-10T22:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Freshwork up to 1.2.3. This impacts an unknown function of the file /api/v2/logout. Such manipulation of the argument post_logout_redirect_uri leads to open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.2.3 will fix this issue. You should upgrade the affected component. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-7cm7-m385-h89r",
"modified": "2025-09-11T00:30:14Z",
"published": "2025-09-11T00:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U-xaC1pqnregoZGefyNAykhUnvnuG6hb/view?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.323487"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.323487"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.641089"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-7CP4-JW97-3RC2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-01 03:31 – Updated: 2025-05-01 17:00Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-4pc9-x2fx-p7vj. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
The OAuth implementation in workers-oauth-provider that is part of MCP framework https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-mcp , did not correctly validate that redirect_uri was on the allowed list of redirect URIs for the given client registration.
Fixed in: https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/26 https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/26
Impact:
Under certain circumstances (see below), if a victim had previously authorized with a server built on workers-oath-provider, and an attacker could later trick the victim into visiting a malicious web site, then attacker could potentially steal the victim's credentials to the same OAuth server and subsequently impersonate them.
In order for the attack to be possible, the OAuth server's authorized callback must be designed to auto-approve authorizations that appear to come from an OAuth client that the victim has authorized previously. The authorization flow is not implemented by workers-oauth-provider; it is up to the application built on top to decide whether to implement such automatic re-authorization. However, many applications do implement such logic.
Note: It is a basic, well-known requirement that OAuth servers should verify that the redirect URI is among the allowed list for the client, both during the authorization flow and subsequently when exchanging the authorization code for an access token. workers-oauth-provider implemented only the latter check, not the former. Unfortunately, the former is the much more important check. Readers who are familiar with OAuth may recognize that failing to check redirect URIs against the allowed list is a well-known, basic mistake, covered extensively in the RFC and elsewhere. The author of this library would like everyone to know that he was, in fact, well-aware of this requirement, thought about it a lot while designing the library, and then, somehow, forgot to actually make sure the check was in the code. That is, it's not that he didn't know what he was doing, it's that he knew what he was doing but flubbed it.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-01T17:00:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-01T01:15:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "# Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-4pc9-x2fx-p7vj. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n# Original Description\nThe OAuth implementation in workers-oauth-provider that is part of MCP framework https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-mcp , did not correctly validate that redirect_uri was on the allowed list of redirect URIs for the given client registration.\n\nFixed in:\u00a0 https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/26 https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/26 \n\nImpact:\n\n \n\nUnder certain circumstances (see below), if a victim had previously authorized with a server built on workers-oath-provider, and an attacker could later trick the victim into visiting a malicious web site, then attacker could potentially steal the victim\u0027s credentials to the same OAuth server and subsequently impersonate them.\n\nIn order for the attack to be possible, the OAuth server\u0027s authorized callback must be designed to auto-approve authorizations that appear to come from an OAuth client that the victim has authorized previously. The authorization flow is not implemented by workers-oauth-provider; it is up to the application built on top to decide whether to implement such automatic re-authorization. However, many applications do implement such logic.\n\nNote: It is a basic, well-known requirement that OAuth servers should verify that the redirect URI is among the allowed list for the client, both during the authorization flow and subsequently when exchanging the authorization code for an access token. workers-oauth-provider implemented only the latter check, not the former. Unfortunately, the former is the much more important check.\u00a0Readers who are familiar with OAuth may recognize that failing to check redirect URIs against the allowed list is a well-known, basic mistake, covered extensively in the RFC and elsewhere. The author of this library would like everyone to know that he was, in fact, well-aware of this requirement, thought about it a lot while designing the library, and then, somehow, forgot to actually make sure the check was in the code. That is, it\u0027s not that he didn\u0027t know what he was doing, it\u0027s that he knew what he was doing but flubbed it.",
"id": "GHSA-7cp4-jw97-3rc2",
"modified": "2025-05-01T17:00:19Z",
"published": "2025-05-01T03:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4143"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/26"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Amber",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: @cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider missing validation of redirect_uri on authorize endpoint",
"withdrawn": "2025-05-01T17:00:19Z"
}
GHSA-7CPM-G584-HG8J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-30 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-30 21:31Account Takeover in Corezoid 6.6.0 in the OAuth2 implementation via an open redirect in the redirect_uri parameter allows attackers to intercept authorization codes and gain unauthorized access to victim accounts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-55017"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-30T20:15:36Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Account Takeover in Corezoid 6.6.0 in the OAuth2 implementation via an open redirect in the redirect_uri parameter allows attackers to intercept authorization codes and gain unauthorized access to victim accounts.",
"id": "GHSA-7cpm-g584-hg8j",
"modified": "2025-09-30T21:31:16Z",
"published": "2025-09-30T21:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55017"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/corezoid/helm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/@elmiraibrahimlii/corezoid-cve-2024-55017-account-takeover-via-oauth2-redirect-uri-open-redirect-9dd78bc337a3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7CX5-4RPX-PCM3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:09textview_uri_security_check in textview.c in Claws Mail before 3.18.0, and Sylpheed through 3.7.0, does not have sufficient link checks before accepting a click.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37746"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-30T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "textview_uri_security_check in textview.c in Claws Mail before 3.18.0, and Sylpheed through 3.7.0, does not have sufficient link checks before accepting a click.",
"id": "GHSA-7cx5-4rpx-pcm3",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:09:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37746"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://claws-mail.org/download.php?file=releases/claws-mail-3.18.0.tar.xz"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.claws-mail.org/?p=claws.git;a=commit;h=ac286a71ed78429e16c612161251b9ea90ccd431"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/L2QNUIWASJLPUZZKWICGCEGYJZCQE7NH"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/RCJXHUSYHGVBSH2ULD7HNXLM7QNRECZ6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sylpheed.sraoss.jp/sylpheed/v3.7/sylpheed-3.7.0.tar.xz"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.