CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-733R-8XCP-W9MR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-05 20:53 – Updated: 2025-01-17 18:15Impact
The Flarum /logout route includes a redirect parameter that allows any third party to redirect users from a (trusted) domain of the Flarum installation to redirect to any link. Sample: example.com/logout?return=https://google.com. For logged-in users, the logout must be confirmed. Guests are immediately redirected. This could be used by spammers to redirect to a web address using a trusted domain of a running Flarum installation.
Some ecosystem extensions modifying the logout route have already been affected. Sample: https://discuss.flarum.org/d/22229-premium-wordpress-integration/526
Patches
The vulnerability has been fixed and published as flarum/core v1.8.5. All communities running Flarum should upgrade as soon as possible to v1.8.5 using:
composer update --prefer-dist --no-dev -a -W
You can then confirm you run the latest version using:
composer show flarum/core
Workarounds
Some extensions modifying the logout route can remedy this issue if their implementation is safe. In any case we recommend updating to 1.8.5.
References
For any questions or comments on this vulnerability, please visit https://discuss.flarum.org/
For support questions, create a discussion at https://discuss.flarum.org/t/support.
A reminder that if you ever become aware of a security issue in Flarum, please report it to us privately by emailing security@flarum.org, and we will address it promptly.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "flarum/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.8.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "flarum/framework"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.8.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21641"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-05T20:53:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-05T21:15:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe Flarum `/logout` route includes a redirect parameter that allows any third party to redirect users from a (trusted) domain of the Flarum installation to redirect to any link. Sample: `example.com/logout?return=https://google.com`. For logged-in users, the logout must be confirmed. Guests are immediately redirected. This could be used by spammers to redirect to a web address using a trusted domain of a running Flarum installation.\n\nSome ecosystem extensions modifying the logout route have already been affected. Sample: https://discuss.flarum.org/d/22229-premium-wordpress-integration/526\n\n### Patches\nThe vulnerability has been fixed and published as flarum/core v1.8.5. All communities running Flarum should upgrade as soon as possible to v1.8.5 using:\n\n`composer update --prefer-dist --no-dev -a -W`\n\nYou can then confirm you run the latest version using:\n\n`composer show flarum/core`\n\n### Workarounds\nSome extensions modifying the logout route can remedy this issue if their implementation is safe. In any case we recommend updating to 1.8.5.\n\n### References\nFor any questions or comments on this vulnerability, please visit https://discuss.flarum.org/\n\nFor support questions, create a discussion at https://discuss.flarum.org/t/support.\n\nA reminder that if you ever become aware of a security issue in Flarum, please report it to us privately by emailing [security@flarum.org](mailto:security@flarum.org), and we will address it promptly.",
"id": "GHSA-733r-8xcp-w9mr",
"modified": "2025-01-17T18:15:18Z",
"published": "2024-01-05T20:53:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/framework/security/advisories/GHSA-733r-8xcp-w9mr"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21641"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/flarum-core/commit/ee8b3b4ad1413a2b0971fdd9e40f812d2a3a9d3a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flarum/framework/commit/7d70328471cf3091d92d95c382d277aec7996176"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Flarum\u0027s logout Route allows open redirects"
}
GHSA-7359-W9JH-QR2R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-21 15:31 – Updated: 2024-10-31 15:30Open redirection vulnerability in CDeX application allows to redirect users to arbitrary websites via a specially crafted URL.This issue affects CDeX application versions through 5.7.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2465"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-21T15:16:54Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Open redirection vulnerability in CDeX application\u00a0allows to redirect users to arbitrary websites via a specially crafted URL.This issue affects CDeX application versions through 5.7.1.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-7359-w9jh-qr2r",
"modified": "2024-10-31T15:30:57Z",
"published": "2024-03-21T15:31:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cdex.cloud"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2024/03/CVE-2024-2463"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/posts/2024/03/CVE-2024-2463"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-73QR-385M-W7V6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-05 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-12 00:00Multiple vulnerabilities in the web engine of Cisco TelePresence Collaboration Endpoint (CE) Software and Cisco RoomOS Software could allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition, view sensitive data on an affected device, or redirect users to an attacker-controlled destination. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20794"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-04T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in the web engine of Cisco TelePresence Collaboration Endpoint (CE) Software and Cisco RoomOS Software could allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition, view sensitive data on an affected device, or redirect users to an attacker-controlled destination. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.",
"id": "GHSA-73qr-385m-w7v6",
"modified": "2022-05-12T00:00:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-05T00:00:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ROS-DOS-X7H7XhkK"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-748F-44G2-H43M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-29 18:30 – Updated: 2024-11-08 18:30An Open-Redirect vulnerability exists in PingAM where well-crafted requests may cause improper validation of redirect URLs. This could allow an attacker to redirect end-users to malicious sites under their control, simplifying phishing attacks
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25566"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-29T16:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open-Redirect vulnerability exists in PingAM where well-crafted requests may cause improper validation of redirect URLs. This could allow an attacker to redirect end-users to malicious sites under their control, simplifying phishing attacks",
"id": "GHSA-748f-44g2-h43m",
"modified": "2024-11-08T18:30:47Z",
"published": "2024-10-29T18:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25566"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://backstage.forgerock.com/downloads/browse/am/featured"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://backstage.forgerock.com/knowledge/advisories/article/a63463303"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-7527-2RW4-V6HJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-06 00:30 – Updated: 2026-02-06 00:30A flaw has been found in Edimax BR-6258n up to 1.18. This issue affects the function formStaDrvSetup of the file /goform/formStaDrvSetup. This manipulation of the argument submit-url causes open redirect. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor confirms that the affected product is end-of-life. They confirm that they "will issue a consolidated Security Advisory on our official support website." This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-1970"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-05T22:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw has been found in Edimax BR-6258n up to 1.18. This issue affects the function formStaDrvSetup of the file /goform/formStaDrvSetup. This manipulation of the argument submit-url causes open redirect. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor confirms that the affected product is end-of-life. They confirm that they \"will issue a consolidated Security Advisory on our official support website.\" This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-7527-2rw4-v6hj",
"modified": "2026-02-06T00:30:26Z",
"published": "2026-02-06T00:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1970"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tzh00203.notion.site/EDIMAX-BR-6258n-v1-18-Open-Redirect-Vulnerability-in-Web-formStaDrvSetup-handler-2eeb5c52018a803bb958e4f80cdf2550?source=copy_link"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.344492"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.344492"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.742734"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-7555-8M6J-6Q57
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:28 – Updated: 2022-05-24 22:28Multiple functions of NHIServiSignAdapter failed to verify the users’ file path, which leads to the SMB request being redirected to a malicious host, resulting in the leakage of user's credential.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25845"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-31T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple functions of NHIServiSignAdapter failed to verify the users\u2019 file path, which leads to the SMB request being redirected to a malicious host, resulting in the leakage of user\u0027s credential.",
"id": "GHSA-7555-8m6j-6q57",
"modified": "2022-05-24T22:28:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T22:28:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25845"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-4273-24e01-1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-757W-WPHR-P72R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 04:00 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:49URL redirection vulnerability in SAP's Startup Service, SAP KERNEL 32 NUC, SAP KERNEL 32 Unicode, SAP KERNEL 64 NUC, SAP KERNEL 64 Unicode 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22 and 7.22EXT; SAP KERNEL 7.21, 7.22, 7.45, 7.49 and 7.52, that allows an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-16679"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-12-12T14:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL redirection vulnerability in SAP\u0027s Startup Service, SAP KERNEL 32 NUC, SAP KERNEL 32 Unicode, SAP KERNEL 64 NUC, SAP KERNEL 64 Unicode 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22 and 7.22EXT; SAP KERNEL 7.21, 7.22, 7.45, 7.49 and 7.52, that allows an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site.",
"id": "GHSA-757w-wphr-p72r",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:49:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T04:00:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16679"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blogs.sap.com/2017/12/12/sap-security-patch-day-december-2017"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2520995"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102157"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-75H7-3FW5-HQHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-18 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:14URL redirection in Login page in HCL BigFix WebUI allows malicious user to redirect the client browser to an external site via redirect URL response header.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28020"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-18T19:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\u00a0URL redirection in Login page in HCL BigFix WebUI allows malicious user to redirect the client browser to an external site via redirect URL response header.\n",
"id": "GHSA-75h7-3fw5-hqhr",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:14:24Z",
"published": "2023-07-18T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28020"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0106123"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-75P7-527P-W8WP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-09 15:17 – Updated: 2022-03-09 20:13Impact
On releases prior to 3.0.3, an attacker could craft a special HTML page to trigger either an open redirect attack or a Server-Side Request Forgery attack (depending on how AllTube is configured).
The impact is mitigated by the fact the SSRF attack is only possible when the stream option is enabled in the configuration. (This option is disabled by default.)
Patches
3.0.3 contains a fix for this vulnerability. (The 1.x and 2.x releases are not maintained anymore.)
The fix requires applying a patch to youtube-dl to disable its generic extractor. If you are using the version of youtube-dl bundled with 3.0.3, it is already patched. However, if you are using your own unpatched version of youtube-dl you might still be vulnerable.
References
- https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/8913f27716400dabf4906a5ad690a5238f73496a
- https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30691
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "rudloff/alltube"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-24739"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-918"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-09T15:17:31Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-08T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nOn releases prior to 3.0.3, an attacker could craft a special HTML page to trigger either an open redirect attack or a Server-Side Request Forgery attack (depending on how AllTube is configured).\n\nThe impact is mitigated by the fact the SSRF attack is only possible when the `stream` option is enabled in the configuration. (This option is disabled by default.)\n\n### Patches\n\n3.0.3 contains a fix for this vulnerability.\n(The 1.x and 2.x releases are not maintained anymore.)\n\nThe fix requires applying [a patch](https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/blob/3d092891044f2685ed66c73c870a021bee319c37/patches/youtube-dl-disable-generic.diff) to youtube-dl to disable its generic extractor. If you are using the version of youtube-dl bundled with 3.0.3, it is already patched.\nHowever, if you are using your own unpatched version of youtube-dl **you might still be vulnerable**.\n\n### References\n\n* https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/8913f27716400dabf4906a5ad690a5238f73496a\n* https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30691\n",
"id": "GHSA-75p7-527p-w8wp",
"modified": "2022-03-09T20:13:46Z",
"published": "2022-03-09T15:17:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/security/advisories/GHSA-75p7-527p-w8wp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24739"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30691"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/3a4f09dda0a466662a4e52cde674749e0c668e8d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/8913f27716400dabf4906a5ad690a5238f73496a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/bc14b6e45c766c05757fb607ef8d444cbbfba71a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/rudloff/alltube/CVE-2022-24739.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/releases/tag/3.0.3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Server-Side Request Forgery and Open Redirect in AllTube Download"
}
GHSA-75PC-RGG3-8XW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-15 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-24 21:30** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED **** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in calesanz gibb-modul-151. This affects the function bearbeiten/login. The manipulation leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The name of the patch is 88a517dc19443081210c804b655e72770727540d. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218379. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-10052"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-15T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED **** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in calesanz gibb-modul-151. This affects the function bearbeiten/login. The manipulation leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The name of the patch is 88a517dc19443081210c804b655e72770727540d. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218379. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-75pc-rgg3-8xw2",
"modified": "2023-01-24T21:30:32Z",
"published": "2023-01-15T21:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-10052"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/calesanz/gibb-modul-151/commit/88a517dc19443081210c804b655e72770727540d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.218379"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.218379"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.