Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-601

Allowed

URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.

2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-CQJ6-J4F4-MCPP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-24 03:30 – Updated: 2026-02-24 03:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was detected in horilla-opensource horilla up to 1.0.2. This issue affects the function get of the file horilla_generics/global_search.py of the component Query Parameter Handler. The manipulation of the argument prev_url results in open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.0.3 is capable of addressing this issue. The patch is identified as 730b5a44ff060916780c44a4bdbc8ced70a2cd27. The affected component should be upgraded.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-3049"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-24T01:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was detected in horilla-opensource horilla up to 1.0.2. This issue affects the function get of the file horilla_generics/global_search.py of the component Query Parameter Handler. The manipulation of the argument prev_url results in open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.0.3 is capable of addressing this issue. The patch is identified as 730b5a44ff060916780c44a4bdbc8ced70a2cd27. The affected component should be upgraded.",
  "id": "GHSA-cqj6-j4f4-mcpp",
  "modified": "2026-02-24T03:30:19Z",
  "published": "2026-02-24T03:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3049"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/horilla-opensource/horilla-crm/commit/730b5a44ff060916780c44a4bdbc8ced70a2cd27"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Stolichnayer/Horilla-CRM-Open-Redirect"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/horilla-opensource/horilla-crm/releases/tag/1.0.3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.347407"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.347407"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.757296"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CRV8-J8M6-H7PQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:30 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:30
VLAI
Details

IProom MMC+ Server login page does not validate specific parameters properly. Attackers can use the vulnerability to redirect to any malicious site and steal the victim's login credentials.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-24551"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-10-14T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IProom MMC+ Server login page does not validate specific parameters properly. Attackers can use the vulnerability to redirect to any malicious site and steal the victim\u0027s login credentials.",
  "id": "GHSA-crv8-j8m6-h7pq",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:30:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24551"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-4053-6e9a2-1.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-CRXJ-HRMP-4RWF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-29 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-30 06:31
VLAI
Summary
Labstack Echo Open Redirect vulnerability
Details

Labstack Echo v4.8.0 was discovered to contain an open redirect vulnerability via the Static Handler component. This vulnerability can be leveraged by attackers to cause a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). Version 4.9.0 contains a patch for the issue.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.9.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-40083"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-09-30T06:31:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-28T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Labstack Echo v4.8.0 was discovered to contain an open redirect vulnerability via the Static Handler component. This vulnerability can be leveraged by attackers to cause a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). Version 4.9.0 contains a patch for the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-crxj-hrmp-4rwf",
  "modified": "2022-09-30T06:31:20Z",
  "published": "2022-09-29T00:00:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40083"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/labstack/echo/issues/2259"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/labstack/echo/pull/2260"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/labstack/echo/pull/2260/commits/3154abd1401554fe4d1c09ec550506d8625fc042"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/labstack/echo/commit/0ac4d74402391912ff6da733bb09fd4c3980b4e1"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/labstack/echo"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/labstack/echo/releases/tag/v4.9.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2022-1031"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Labstack Echo Open Redirect vulnerability"
}

GHSA-CV26-8GJ7-XP72

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-03 03:30 – Updated: 2025-06-03 15:31
VLAI
Details

HCL DRYiCE MyXalytics is impacted by an Open Redirect vulnerability which could allow an attacker to redirect users to malicious sites, potentially leading to phishing attacks or other security threats.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-50345"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-03T02:15:43Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "HCL DRYiCE MyXalytics is impacted by an Open Redirect vulnerability which could allow an attacker to redirect users to malicious sites, potentially leading to phishing attacks or other security threats.",
  "id": "GHSA-cv26-8gj7-xp72",
  "modified": "2025-06-03T15:31:02Z",
  "published": "2024-01-03T03:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50345"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0109608"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CV3H-4JH6-RH6P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-17 18:31 – Updated: 2024-07-17 18:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Expressway Series could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page.

This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of HTTP request parameters. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by intercepting and modifying an HTTP request from a user. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect the user to a malicious web page.

Note: Cisco Expressway Series refers to Cisco Expressway Control (Expressway-C) devices and Cisco Expressway Edge (Expressway-E) devices.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-20400"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-17T17:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Expressway Series could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page.\n\n This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of HTTP request parameters. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by intercepting and modifying an HTTP request from a user. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect the user to a malicious web page.\n\n Note: Cisco Expressway Series refers to Cisco Expressway Control (Expressway-C) devices and Cisco Expressway Edge (Expressway-E) devices.",
  "id": "GHSA-cv3h-4jh6-rh6p",
  "modified": "2024-07-17T18:31:00Z",
  "published": "2024-07-17T18:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-20400"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-expressway-redirect-KJsFuXgj"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CVFH-X2QQ-HW4Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:09 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:09
VLAI
Details

IBM Security Access Manager 6.1, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 e-community configurations may be affected by a redirect vulnerability. ECSSO Master Authentication can redirect to a server not participating in an e-community domain. IBM X-Force ID: 128687.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-1489"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-08-29T01:35:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Security Access Manager 6.1, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 e-community configurations may be affected by a redirect vulnerability. ECSSO Master Authentication can redirect to a server not participating in an e-community domain. IBM X-Force ID: 128687.",
  "id": "GHSA-cvfh-x2qq-hw4q",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T01:09:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T01:09:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1489"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/128687"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22006959"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100592"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039227"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CVRM-5HP6-H523

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-15 16:21 – Updated: 2026-05-19 16:08
VLAI
Summary
SimpleSAMLphp casserver: Open Redirect in logout
Details

Summary

The logout endpoint accepts a url query parameter to redirect to. casserver treats that url as trusted, and either (depending on configuration) redirects the browser there, or shows a "you've been logged out" page with a link to continue to that url.

There are a number of other things broken with logout in 7 (cas v3 uses a different query parameters, etc)

Details

https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver/blob/21418f7efbea8c4f078fd4a7d1b9eacf94dd4941/src/Controller/LogoutController.php#L104

Previous module checked the url against the valid service urls.

PoC

The docker instructions from the README.md run an image with a vulnerable config.

Accessing https://localhost/cas/logout?url=https://google.com will redirect to Google

Impact

Impacted configs have

'enable_logout' => true,

and are most impacted if they also have

'skip_logout_page' -> true,
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 7.0.0-rc3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0-rc1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.3.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-65954"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-15T16:21:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-18T20:16:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThe logout endpoint accepts a `url` query parameter to redirect to.  casserver treats that url as trusted, and either (depending on configuration) redirects the browser there, or shows a \"you\u0027ve been logged out\" page with a link to continue to that url.\n\nThere are a number of other things broken with logout in 7 (cas v3 uses a different query parameters, etc)\n\n### Details\n\nhttps://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver/blob/21418f7efbea8c4f078fd4a7d1b9eacf94dd4941/src/Controller/LogoutController.php#L104\n\nPrevious module checked the url against the valid service urls.\n\n### PoC\n\nThe docker instructions from the README.md run an image with a vulnerable config. \n\nAccessing  https://localhost/cas/logout?url=https://google.com  will redirect to Google\n\n### Impact\n\nImpacted configs have\n\n```php\n\u0027enable_logout\u0027 =\u003e true,\n```\n\nand are most impacted if they also have\n\n```\n\u0027skip_logout_page\u0027 -\u003e true,\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-cvrm-5hp6-h523",
  "modified": "2026-05-19T16:08:50Z",
  "published": "2026-05-15T16:21:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver/security/advisories/GHSA-cvrm-5hp6-h523"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65954"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver/commit/0462f50f00b3bb300d83067d11b74146a57bb8e0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver/commit/fb6c6f1c7b9e757c93c5c306e1d36405e64f6dc5"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-module-casserver/blob/21418f7efbea8c4f078fd4a7d1b9eacf94dd4941/src/Controller/LogoutController.php#L104"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "SimpleSAMLphp casserver: Open Redirect in logout"
}

GHSA-CWJV-MXFR-RRV9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-26 18:31 – Updated: 2024-09-26 21:31
VLAI
Details

A host header injection vulnerability in BookReviewLibrary 1.0 allows attackers to obtain the password reset token via user interaction with a crafted password reset link.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-45981"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-26T17:15:04Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A host header injection vulnerability in BookReviewLibrary 1.0 allows attackers to obtain the password reset token via user interaction with a crafted password reset link.",
  "id": "GHSA-cwjv-mxfr-rrv9",
  "modified": "2024-09-26T21:31:11Z",
  "published": "2024-09-26T18:31:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45981"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/soursec/CVEs/tree/main/CVE-2024-45981"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CWPQ-RG22-433H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:46 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:43
VLAI
Details

Odoo Version <= 8.0-20160726 and Version 9 is affected by: CWE-601: Open redirection. The impact is: obtain sensitive information (remote).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-5871"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-05-22T20:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Odoo Version \u003c= 8.0-20160726 and Version 9 is affected by: CWE-601: Open redirection. The impact is: obtain sensitive information (remote).",
  "id": "GHSA-cwpq-rg22-433h",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T00:43:04Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:46:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-5871"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sysdream.com/news/lab/2017-11-20-cve-2017-5871-odoo-url-redirection-to-distrusted-site-open-redirect"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.odoo.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CWX8-767M-CWMV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:23 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:23
VLAI
Details

Mediawiki before 1.28.1 / 1.27.2 / 1.23.16 contains a flaw where Special:Search allows redirects to any interwiki link.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-0364"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-04-13T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Mediawiki before 1.28.1 / 1.27.2 / 1.23.16 contains a flaw where Special:Search allows redirects to any interwiki link.",
  "id": "GHSA-cwx8-767m-cwmv",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:23:51Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:23:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0364"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-announce/2017-April/000207.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122209"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-0364"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.

Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).

Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
  • Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing

An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.