CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2306 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-F4HQ-453J-P95F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-02-05 20:43 – Updated: 2022-05-26 20:40The package is an Express middleware that normalises routes by stripping any final slash, redirecting, for example, bookings/latest/ to bookings/latest. However, it does not validate the path it redirects to in any way. In particular, if the path starts with two slashes (or two backslashes, or a slash and a backslash, etc.) it may redirect to a different domain.
Consider the example from the docs. Assume we have run it and started a server on localhost:3000, then visiting localhost:3000///github.com/ redirects you to https://github.com.
Recommendation
This vulnerability is currently un-patched in the slashify package so there is no known safe version of this package. Discontinuing use of slashify is recommended.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "slashify"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3189"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-02-05T20:42:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-19T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The package is an Express middleware that normalises routes by stripping any final slash, redirecting, for example, `bookings/latest/` to `bookings/latest`. However, it does not validate the path it redirects to in any way. In particular, if the path starts with two slashes (or two backslashes, or a slash and a backslash, etc.) it may redirect to a different domain.\n\nConsider the [example from the docs](https://www.npmjs.com/package/slashify#usage). Assume we have run it and started a server on `localhost:3000`, then visiting `localhost:3000///github.com/` redirects you to https://github.com.\n\n## Recommendation\n\nThis vulnerability is currently un-patched in the `slashify` package so there is no known safe version of this package. Discontinuing use of `slashify` is recommended.",
"id": "GHSA-f4hq-453j-p95f",
"modified": "2022-05-26T20:40:57Z",
"published": "2021-02-05T20:43:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3189"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/divshot/slashify"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210401-0004"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2020-199-open-redirect-slashify"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/slashify"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in Slashify"
}
GHSA-F545-VPWP-R9J7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-03 20:41 – Updated: 2021-12-03 15:18showdoc is vulnerable to URL Redirection to Untrusted Site.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "showdoc/showdoc"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.9.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3989"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-12-02T20:39:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-01T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "showdoc is vulnerable to URL Redirection to Untrusted Site.",
"id": "GHSA-f545-vpwp-r9j7",
"modified": "2021-12-03T15:18:14Z",
"published": "2021-12-03T20:41:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3989"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/star7th/showdoc/commit/335afc7ed6d6627c3d0434aa9acc168c77117614"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/star7th/showdoc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/ffc61eff-efea-42c5-92c2-e043fdf904d5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "showdoc is vulnerable to URL Redirection to Untrusted Site"
}
GHSA-F565-6PJW-3WHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-22 06:30 – Updated: 2026-02-23 21:31The Conditional CAPTCHA WordPress plugin through 4.0.0 does not validate a parameter before redirecting the user to its value, leading to an Open Redirect issue
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-1369"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-22T06:16:02Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Conditional CAPTCHA WordPress plugin through 4.0.0 does not validate a parameter before redirecting the user to its value, leading to an Open Redirect issue",
"id": "GHSA-f565-6pjw-3whr",
"modified": "2026-02-23T21:31:25Z",
"published": "2026-02-22T06:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1369"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/5a275725-85f2-4463-880b-9473dbdfa8e0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F5P6-MP58-4CV2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-29 03:01 – Updated: 2025-04-03 04:04Opera Browser 7.23, and other versions before 7.50, updates the address bar as soon as the user clicks a link, which allows remote attackers to redirect to other sites via the onUnload attribute.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2004-2260"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2004-12-31T05:00:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Opera Browser 7.23, and other versions before 7.50, updates the address bar as soon as the user clicks a link, which allows remote attackers to redirect to other sites via the onUnload attribute.",
"id": "GHSA-f5p6-mp58-4cv2",
"modified": "2025-04-03T04:04:56Z",
"published": "2022-04-29T03:01:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2004-2260"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/16131"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/11532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/secunia_research/2004-2/advisory"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/6108"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/10337"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-F5VH-4RJ2-W8R8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-30 18:31 – Updated: 2025-10-31 17:40By default, Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.119, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.5, 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.10, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 GA through update 92, and older unsupported versions is vulnerable to DNS rebinding attacks, which allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs. This vulnerability can be mitigated by changing the redirect URL security from IP to domain.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.4.0-ga1"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.3.110"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62266"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-31T17:40:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-30T18:15:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "By default, Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.119, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.5, 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.10, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 GA through update 92, and older unsupported versions is vulnerable to DNS rebinding attacks, which allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs. This vulnerability can be mitigated by changing the redirect URL security from IP to domain.",
"id": "GHSA-f5vh-4rj2-w8r8",
"modified": "2025-10-31T17:40:46Z",
"published": "2025-10-30T18:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62266"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2025-62256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2025-62257"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal is vulnerable to DNS rebinding attacks"
}
GHSA-F6GP-7XM9-VQM8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:05The Plus Addons for Elementor Page Builder WordPress plugin before 4.1.10 did not validate a redirect parameter on a specifically crafted URL before redirecting the user to it, leading to an Open Redirect issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-24358"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-14T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Plus Addons for Elementor Page Builder WordPress plugin before 4.1.10 did not validate a redirect parameter on a specifically crafted URL before redirecting the user to it, leading to an Open Redirect issue.",
"id": "GHSA-f6gp-7xm9-vqm8",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:05:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:05:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-24358"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://theplusaddons.com/changelog"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/fd4352ad-dae0-4404-94d1-11083cb1f44d"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-F6HJ-XQ5G-H43F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-14 15:32 – Updated: 2024-11-14 15:32A vulnerability has been found in Apereo CAS 6.6 and classified as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /login. The manipulation of the argument redirect_uri leads to open redirect. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11207"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-14T13:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Apereo CAS 6.6 and classified as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /login. The manipulation of the argument redirect_uri leads to open redirect. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-f6hj-xq5g-h43f",
"modified": "2024-11-14T15:32:16Z",
"published": "2024-11-14T15:32:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11207"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/0xArthurSouza/68295d8fa20f18161945260fcdf842a2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.284521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.284521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.437207"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F6QM-W5RG-95GH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-26 18:31 – Updated: 2024-09-26 21:31A host header injection vulnerability in Lines Police CAD 1.0 allows attackers to obtain the password reset token via user interaction with a crafted password reset link. This allows attackers to arbitrarily reset other users' passwords and compromise their accounts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-45979"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-26T17:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A host header injection vulnerability in Lines Police CAD 1.0 allows attackers to obtain the password reset token via user interaction with a crafted password reset link. This allows attackers to arbitrarily reset other users\u0027 passwords and compromise their accounts.",
"id": "GHSA-f6qm-w5rg-95gh",
"modified": "2024-09-26T21:31:11Z",
"published": "2024-09-26T18:31:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45979"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/soursec/CVEs/tree/main/CVE-2024-45979"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F6X8-65Q6-J9M9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-29 21:10 – Updated: 2026-05-08 01:30Impact
The /mcp-oauth/register endpoint accepted OAuth client registrations without authentication, allowing arbitrary redirect_uri values to be registered. When a user denies the MCP OAuth consent dialog, the handleDeny handler redirects the user to the registered redirect_uri without validation, enabling an open redirect to an attacker-controlled URL. An attacker can craft a phishing link and send it to a victim; if the victim clicks "Deny" on the consent page, they are silently redirected to an external site.
Patches
The issue has been fixed in n8n versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability.
Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations: - Restrict network access to the n8n instance to prevent untrusted users from reaching the MCP OAuth endpoints. - Limit access to the n8n instance to fully trusted users only.
These workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.123.32"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.18.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.18.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.17.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42230"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-29T21:10:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-04T19:16:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Impact\nThe `/mcp-oauth/register` endpoint accepted OAuth client registrations without authentication, allowing arbitrary `redirect_uri` values to be registered. When a user denies the MCP OAuth consent dialog, the `handleDeny` handler redirects the user to the registered `redirect_uri` without validation, enabling an open redirect to an attacker-controlled URL. An attacker can craft a phishing link and send it to a victim; if the victim clicks \"Deny\" on the consent page, they are silently redirected to an external site.\n\n## Patches\nThe issue has been fixed in n8n versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability.\n\n## Workarounds\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations:\n- Restrict network access to the n8n instance to prevent untrusted users from reaching the MCP OAuth endpoints.\n- Limit access to the n8n instance to fully trusted users only.\n\nThese workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.",
"id": "GHSA-f6x8-65q6-j9m9",
"modified": "2026-05-08T01:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-04-29T21:10:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-f6x8-65q6-j9m9"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42230"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "n8n has Open Redirect in MCP OAuth Consent Flow"
}
GHSA-F7C3-7VP3-44P6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:21 – Updated: 2026-01-12 19:27An issue was discovered in Mattermost Server before 4.2.0, 4.1.1, and 4.0.5, when used as an OAuth 2.0 service provider. It mishandles a deny action for a redirection.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.2.0-rc1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-18897"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-12T19:27:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-06-19T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Mattermost Server before 4.2.0, 4.1.1, and 4.0.5, when used as an OAuth 2.0 service provider. It mishandles a deny action for a redirection.",
"id": "GHSA-f7c3-7vp3-44p6",
"modified": "2026-01-12T19:27:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:21:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-18897"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost/commit/3c34e2b2dcb0fde96a10e68d877aa7d0ab511669"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost/commit/722fb1947a2e7395ccf16adce9206736d803a9f3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost/commit/d38328976e2c8bb0fab91e656042a0d8ac37bc76"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mattermost Server mishandles redirect denial action"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.