CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-FV82-R8QV-CH4V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-21 16:24 – Updated: 2023-10-02 12:10Impact
Some API endpoints under /.pomerium/ do not verify parameters with pomerium_signature. This could allow modifying parameters intended to be trusted to Pomerium.
The issue mainly affects routes responsible for sign in/out, but does not introduce an authentication bypass.
Specific Go Packages Affected
github.com/pomerium/pomerium/authenticate
Patches
Patched in v0.13.4
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory * Open an issue in pomerium * Email us at security@pomerium.com
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/pomerium/pomerium"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.13.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29652"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-20T20:47:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nSome API endpoints under /.pomerium/ do not verify parameters with pomerium_signature. This could allow modifying parameters intended to be trusted to Pomerium. \n\nThe issue mainly affects routes responsible for sign in/out, but does not introduce an authentication bypass.\n\n### Specific Go Packages Affected\ngithub.com/pomerium/pomerium/authenticate\n\n### Patches\nPatched in v0.13.4\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory\n* Open an issue in [pomerium](http://github.com/pomerium/pomerium)\n* Email us at [security@pomerium.com](mailto:security@pomerium.com)",
"id": "GHSA-fv82-r8qv-ch4v",
"modified": "2023-10-02T12:10:36Z",
"published": "2021-05-21T16:24:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pomerium/pomerium/security/advisories/GHSA-fv82-r8qv-ch4v"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29652"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pomerium/pomerium/pull/2048"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "pomerium_signature is not verified in middleware in github.com/pomerium/pomerium"
}
GHSA-FW84-XGM8-9JMV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-26 19:46 – Updated: 2023-05-04 21:44An attacker can display a link to a third party website on a login screen by convincing a legitimate content author to follow a specially crafted link.
Upgrade to silverstripe/framework 4.12.5 or above to remedy the vulnerability.
Reporter: Matthew Dekker
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "silverstripe/framework"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.12.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22729"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-04-26T19:46:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-26T15:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An attacker can display a link to a third party website on a login screen by convincing a legitimate content author to follow a specially crafted link.\n\nUpgrade to `silverstripe/framework` 4.12.5 or above to remedy the vulnerability.\n\nReporter: Matthew Dekker",
"id": "GHSA-fw84-xgm8-9jmv",
"modified": "2023-05-04T21:44:58Z",
"published": "2023-04-26T19:46:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework/security/advisories/GHSA-fw84-xgm8-9jmv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22729"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework/commit/1a5bb4cbece1721203977910b8ecd8b79c18dc77"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/silverstripe/framework/CVE-2023-22729.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.silverstripe.org/download/security-releases/cve-2023-22729"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect vulnerability on CMSSecurity relogin screen "
}
GHSA-FWF6-J56G-M97C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 18:35 – Updated: 2026-05-08 18:35Impact
Electerm's terminal hyperlink handler passes any URL clicked in the terminal directly to shell.openExternal without any protocol validation.
When a user connects to a malicious SSH server, the attacker can print a crafted URI in the terminal output. If the victim clicks the link, shell.openExternal executes it using the operating system's default protocol handler.
This can be abused to:
- Trigger dangerous protocol handlers (ms-msdt:, search-ms:) for code execution
- Open local files or network shares (file://, UNC paths) to leak NTLM hashes or exfiltrate data
- Launch any installed application associated with a custom URI scheme
An attacker who controls terminal output (e.g., via a malicious SSH server, compromised remote host, or malicious plugin rendering terminal content) can thus achieve arbitrary code execution or local file access on the victim's machine, requiring only that the victim clicks a displayed link.
Patches
As of electerm v3.7.9, no official patch has been released. Users should monitor the project’s GitHub releases and security page for an update addressing this issue.
Workarounds
Until a patch is available: - Do not click on any links displayed in terminal sessions connected to untrusted servers. - If possible, disable hyperlink rendering in electerm's terminal settings. - Use a terminal multiplexer (e.g., tmux) or a separate terminal application that filters URI schemes when working with untrusted hosts. - Consider running electerm in a restricted environment (sandbox, AppArmor, SELinux) that limits the spawning of protocol handlers.
Resources
- electerm GitHub Repository
- electerm Security Policy
- Vulnerability details originally reported by external researcher (confirmed on v3.7.9, Win10).
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "electerm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "3.8.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-43941"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-08T18:35:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-08T04:16:23Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nElecterm\u0027s terminal hyperlink handler passes any URL clicked in the terminal directly to `shell.openExternal` without any protocol validation.\n\nWhen a user connects to a malicious SSH server, the attacker can print a crafted URI in the terminal output. If the victim clicks the link, `shell.openExternal` executes it using the operating system\u0027s default protocol handler.\n\nThis can be abused to:\n- Trigger dangerous protocol handlers (`ms-msdt:`, `search-ms:`) for code execution\n- Open local files or network shares (`file://`, UNC paths) to leak NTLM hashes or exfiltrate data\n- Launch any installed application associated with a custom URI scheme\n\nAn attacker who controls terminal output (e.g., via a malicious SSH server, compromised remote host, or malicious plugin rendering terminal content) can thus achieve arbitrary code execution or local file access on the victim\u0027s machine, requiring only that the victim clicks a displayed link.\n\n### Patches\n\nAs of electerm v3.7.9, no official patch has been released. Users should monitor the project\u2019s [GitHub releases](https://github.com/electerm/electerm/releases) and [security page](https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security) for an update addressing this issue.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nUntil a patch is available:\n- Do not click on any links displayed in terminal sessions connected to untrusted servers.\n- If possible, disable hyperlink rendering in electerm\u0027s terminal settings.\n- Use a terminal multiplexer (e.g., tmux) or a separate terminal application that filters URI schemes when working with untrusted hosts.\n- Consider running electerm in a restricted environment (sandbox, AppArmor, SELinux) that limits the spawning of protocol handlers.\n\n### Resources\n\n- [electerm GitHub Repository](https://github.com/electerm/electerm)\n- [electerm Security Policy](https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security)\n- Vulnerability details originally reported by external researcher (confirmed on v3.7.9, Win10).",
"id": "GHSA-fwf6-j56g-m97c",
"modified": "2026-05-08T18:35:17Z",
"published": "2026-05-08T18:35:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security/advisories/GHSA-fwf6-j56g-m97c"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43941"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/electerm/electerm"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Electerm has an unvalidated shell.openExternal that allows arbitrary protocol execution via terminal link click"
}
GHSA-FWJV-3FW4-7X83
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-14 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 03:31Due to an Open Redirect vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP, an unauthenticated attacker could craft malicious URL that, if accessed by a victim, they could be redirected to the page controlled by the attacker. This causes low impact on confidentiality and integrity of the application with no impact on availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34257"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-14T01:16:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to an Open Redirect vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP, an unauthenticated attacker could craft malicious URL that, if accessed by a victim, they could be redirected to the page controlled by the attacker. This causes low impact on confidentiality and integrity of the application with no impact on availability.",
"id": "GHSA-fwjv-3fw4-7x83",
"modified": "2026-04-14T03:31:40Z",
"published": "2026-04-14T03:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3692004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FWXM-W6RG-C4GP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-14 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:28There exists an open redirect within the response list update functionality of ServiceNow. This allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary domains when clicking on a URL within a service-now domain.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-46886"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-14T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There exists an open redirect within the response list update functionality of ServiceNow. This allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary domains when clicking on a URL within a service-now domain.",
"id": "GHSA-fwxm-w6rg-c4gp",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:28:49Z",
"published": "2023-04-14T21:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.servicenow.com/kb?id=kb_article_view\u0026sysparm_article=KB1219857"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FX3V-RGV7-QQ3X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 06:30 – Updated: 2026-02-18 06:30The URL Shortify plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 1.12.1 due to insufficient validation on the 'redirect_to' parameter in the promotional dismissal handler. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites via a crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-1277"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-18T05:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The URL Shortify plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 1.12.1 due to insufficient validation on the \u0027redirect_to\u0027 parameter in the promotional dismissal handler. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites via a crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-fx3v-rgv7-qq3x",
"modified": "2026-02-18T06:30:19Z",
"published": "2026-02-18T06:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1277"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/url-shortify/tags/1.11.4/lite/includes/Promo.php#L64"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3451740%40url-shortify\u0026old=3445491%40url-shortify\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=#file1049"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/c7c1dc51-47ca-4b2f-9ff9-275bd8b1c106?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FX47-PRH9-MJ6X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-30 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-08 00:00A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in TrueConf Server 4.3.7. This affects an unknown part of the file /admin/general/change-lang. The manipulation of the argument redirect_url leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-20119"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-29T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in TrueConf Server 4.3.7. This affects an unknown part of the file /admin/general/change-lang. The manipulation of the argument redirect_url leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-fx47-prh9-mj6x",
"modified": "2022-07-08T00:00:42Z",
"published": "2022-06-30T00:00:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-20119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.96633"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41184"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXR3-GVM4-M8VC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-08 03:47 – Updated: 2026-06-08 03:47A vulnerability was detected in hs-web hsweb-framework up to 5.0.1. This affects the function OAuth2Client of the file hsweb-authorization/hsweb-authorization-oauth2/src/main/java/org/hswebframework/web/oauth2/server/OAuth2Client.java of the component OAuth2 Client. The manipulation results in open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The patch is identified as c2882679a9125cea52678151af5ae213cbd52579. Applying a patch is advised to resolve this issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-11477"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-08T02:16:23Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in hs-web hsweb-framework up to 5.0.1. This affects the function OAuth2Client of the file hsweb-authorization/hsweb-authorization-oauth2/src/main/java/org/hswebframework/web/oauth2/server/OAuth2Client.java of the component OAuth2 Client. The manipulation results in open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The patch is identified as c2882679a9125cea52678151af5ae213cbd52579. Applying a patch is advised to resolve this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-fxr3-gvm4-m8vc",
"modified": "2026-06-08T03:47:24Z",
"published": "2026-06-08T03:47:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11477"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hs-web/hsweb-framework/issues/354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hs-web/hsweb-framework/pull/355"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hs-web/hsweb-framework/commit/c2882679a9125cea52678151af5ae213cbd52579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hs-web/hsweb-framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-11477"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/833962"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/369097"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/369097/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXW2-W447-93R7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-05 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Payflex Payflex Payment Gateway.This issue affects Payflex Payment Gateway: from n/a through 2.6.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47646"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-05T13:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Payflex Payflex Payment Gateway.This issue affects Payflex Payment Gateway: from n/a through 2.6.1.",
"id": "GHSA-fxw2-w447-93r7",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:31:56Z",
"published": "2024-10-05T15:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47646"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/payflex-payment-gateway/vulnerability/wordpress-payflex-payment-gateway-plugin-2-6-1-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/payflex-payment-gateway/wordpress-payflex-payment-gateway-plugin-2-6-1-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G28P-HP32-CG73
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-07 15:38 – Updated: 2026-05-07 15:38URL redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in DivvyDrive Information Technologies Inc. DivvyDrive allows Parameter Injection.
This issue affects DivvyDrive: from 4.8.2.9 before 4.8.3.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-6795"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-07T14:16:04Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "URL redirection to untrusted site (\u0027open redirect\u0027) vulnerability in DivvyDrive Information Technologies Inc. DivvyDrive allows Parameter Injection.\n\nThis issue affects DivvyDrive: from 4.8.2.9 before 4.8.3.2.",
"id": "GHSA-g28p-hp32-cg73",
"modified": "2026-05-07T15:38:41Z",
"published": "2026-05-07T15:38:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6795"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-26-0182"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.