CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2578 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-Q4C3-9JG3-V382
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-09 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-09 03:30SAP Marketing (Contacts App) - version 160, allows an attacker with low privileges to trick a user to open malicious page which could lead to a very convincing phishing attack with low impact on confidentiality and integrity of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21734"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-09T01:15:39Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "SAP Marketing (Contacts App) - version 160, allows an attacker with low privileges to trick a user to open malicious page which could lead to a very convincing phishing attack with low impact on confidentiality and integrity of the application.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-q4c3-9jg3-v382",
"modified": "2024-01-09T03:30:22Z",
"published": "2024-01-09T03:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3190894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q4MR-XQPC-5XVX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-28 21:31An issue in Midea Group Co., Ltd Midea Home iOS 9.3.12 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56972"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T19:15:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in Midea Group Co., Ltd Midea Home iOS 9.3.12 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-q4mr-xqpc-5xvx",
"modified": "2025-01-28T21:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56972"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZhouZiyi1/Vuls/blob/main/250109-MideaHome/250109-MideaHome.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q562-QRM6-7P84
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 15:33 – Updated: 2026-06-23 15:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Apache APISIX.
The attacker could manipulate some client headers to perform an open-redirect, to potentially expose the session token.
This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 3.0.0 through 3.16.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.17.0, which fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-48895"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-19T14:16:23Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Apache APISIX.\n\nThe attacker could manipulate some client headers to perform an open-redirect, to potentially expose the session token.\n\nThis issue affects Apache APISIX: from 3.0.0 through 3.16.0.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 3.17.0, which fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-q562-qrm6-7p84",
"modified": "2026-06-23T15:32:30Z",
"published": "2026-06-19T15:33:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48895"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/yo1kq93ds69zbgjjopop7dmzm7zhj1gq"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/19/11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q58Q-J8GC-GVJH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-28 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in WP Sunshine Sunshine Photo Cart.This issue affects Sunshine Photo Cart: from n/a through 3.2.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50463"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-28T13:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in WP Sunshine Sunshine Photo Cart.This issue affects Sunshine Photo Cart: from n/a through 3.2.9.",
"id": "GHSA-q58q-j8gc-gvjh",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:10Z",
"published": "2024-10-28T15:31:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50463"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/sunshine-photo-cart/vulnerability/wordpress-sunshine-photo-cart-plugin-3-2-9-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/sunshine-photo-cart/wordpress-sunshine-photo-cart-plugin-3-2-9-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q5P9-4PQR-FW9H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:34 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:34A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC HMI Comfort Panels 4" - 22" (All versions < V15 Update 4), SIMATIC HMI Comfort Outdoor Panels 7" & 15" (All versions < V15 Update 4), SIMATIC HMI KTP Mobile Panels KTP400F, KTP700, KTP700F, KTP900 and KTP900F (All versions < V15 Update 4), SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Advanced (All versions < V15 Update 4), SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Professional (All versions < V15 Update 4), SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) (All versions < V15 Update 4), SIMATIC HMI Classic Devices (TP/MP/OP/MP Mobile Panel) (All versions). The webserver of affected HMI devices may allow URL redirections to untrusted websites. An attacker must trick a valid user who is authenticated to the device into clicking on a malicious link to exploit the vulnerability. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-13813"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-13T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC HMI Comfort Panels 4\" - 22\" (All versions \u003c V15 Update 4), SIMATIC HMI Comfort Outdoor Panels 7\" \u0026 15\" (All versions \u003c V15 Update 4), SIMATIC HMI KTP Mobile Panels KTP400F, KTP700, KTP700F, KTP900 and KTP900F (All versions \u003c V15 Update 4), SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Advanced (All versions \u003c V15 Update 4), SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Professional (All versions \u003c V15 Update 4), SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) (All versions \u003c V15 Update 4), SIMATIC HMI Classic Devices (TP/MP/OP/MP Mobile Panel) (All versions). The webserver of affected HMI devices may allow URL redirections to untrusted websites. An attacker must trick a valid user who is authenticated to the device into clicking on a malicious link to exploit the vulnerability. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.",
"id": "GHSA-q5p9-4pqr-fw9h",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:34:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:34:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-233109.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105922"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q5X8-47CX-6M4P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:40 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:46A malicious third-party can give a crafted "ssh://..." URL to an unsuspecting victim, and an attempt to visit the URL can result in any program that exists on the victim's machine being executed. Such a URL could be placed in the .gitmodules file of a malicious project, and an unsuspecting victim could be tricked into running "git clone --recurse-submodules" to trigger the vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1000117"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-10-05T01:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A malicious third-party can give a crafted \"ssh://...\" URL to an unsuspecting victim, and an attempt to visit the URL can result in any program that exists on the victim\u0027s machine being executed. Such a URL could be placed in the .gitmodules file of a malicious project, and an unsuspecting victim could be tricked into running \"git clone --recurse-submodules\" to trigger the vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-q5x8-47cx-6m4p",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:46:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:40:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1000117"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2485"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2675"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201709-10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208103"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42599"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel%40vger.kernel.org/msg1466490.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/msg1466490.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039131"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q636-6Q29-WX96
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:45 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:45vBulletin 3.x.x and 4.2.x through 4.2.5 has an open redirect via the redirector.php url parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-6200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-01-25T04:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "vBulletin 3.x.x and 4.2.x through 4.2.5 has an open redirect via the redirector.php url parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-q636-6q29-wx96",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:45:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:45:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-6200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cxsecurity.com/issue/WLB-2018010251"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q66G-Q98C-Q454
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-17 15:34 – Updated: 2025-12-18 15:25Mattermost versions 10.11.x <= 10.11.4 fail to validate redirect URLs on the /error page, which allows an attacker to redirect a victim to a malicious site via a crafted link opened in a new tab.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0-20250721062209-4952acea88ce"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.0-20251016131338-dad6bd7a1509"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.11.0-rc1"
},
{
"fixed": "10.11.5-0.20251016131338-dad6bd7a1509"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0-alpha.1"
},
{
"fixed": "11.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62690"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-18T15:25:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-17T13:15:58Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Mattermost versions 10.11.x \u003c= 10.11.4 fail to validate redirect URLs on the /error page, which allows an attacker to redirect a victim to a malicious site via a crafted link opened in a new tab.",
"id": "GHSA-q66g-q98c-q454",
"modified": "2025-12-18T15:25:38Z",
"published": "2025-12-17T15:34:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost/commit/dad6bd7a1509054580a0898bbc0e026aac3b30cb"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mattermost has missing redirect URL validation"
}
GHSA-Q6H5-Q3Q6-F87X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-06 20:45 – Updated: 2026-07-06 20:45Impact
Users with the ability to create CiliumLocalRedirectPolicies can specify arbitrary ClusterIPs via addressMatcher, which enables hijacking traffic to Services in any namespace, bypassing the namespace-scoping guarantees enforced by serviceMatcher.
In addition, deleting such a policy can corrupt Cilium's internal service state, causing service translation to stop working entirely for the affected Service.
Patches
This issue affects:
- Cilium v1.19.0 to v1.19.3 inclusive (fixed in PR #45584)
- Cilium v1.18.2 to v1.18.9 inclusive (fixed in PR #45585)
- All versions of Cilium prior to v1.17.16 (fixed in PR #45412)
This issue has been patched in:
- Cilium v1.19.4
- Cilium v1.18.10
- Cilium v1.17.16
Workarounds
There is no workaround to this issue.
Acknowledgements
The Cilium community has worked together with members of Isovalent to prepare these mitigations. Special thanks to @ysksuzuki for investigating and fixing the issue.
For more information
If there are any questions or comments about this advisory, please reach out on Slack.
To report potential vulnerabilities affecting Cilium, it strongly is encouraged to report them through the security mailing list at security@cilium.io. This is a private mailing list for the Cilium security team, and reports will be treated as a top priority.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/cilium/cilium"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.19.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.19.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/cilium/cilium"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.18.2"
},
{
"fixed": "1.18.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/cilium/cilium"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.17.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-53935"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-06T20:45:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nUsers with the ability to create CiliumLocalRedirectPolicies can specify arbitrary ClusterIPs via addressMatcher, which enables hijacking traffic to Services in any namespace, bypassing the namespace-scoping guarantees enforced by serviceMatcher.\n\nIn addition, deleting such a policy can corrupt Cilium\u0027s internal service state, causing service translation to stop working entirely for the affected Service.\n\n### Patches\n\nThis issue affects:\n\n- Cilium v1.19.0 to v1.19.3 inclusive (fixed in PR #45584)\n- Cilium v1.18.2 to v1.18.9 inclusive (fixed in PR #45585)\n- All versions of Cilium prior to v1.17.16 (fixed in PR #45412)\n\nThis issue has been patched in:\n\n- Cilium v1.19.4\n- Cilium v1.18.10\n- Cilium v1.17.16\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no workaround to this issue.\n\n### Acknowledgements\n\nThe Cilium community has worked together with members of Isovalent to prepare these mitigations. Special thanks to @ysksuzuki for investigating and fixing the issue.\n\n### For more information\nIf there are any questions or comments about this advisory, please reach out on [Slack](https://docs.cilium.io/en/latest/community/community/).\n\nTo report potential vulnerabilities affecting Cilium, it strongly is encouraged to report them through the security mailing list at [security@cilium.io](mailto:security@cilium.io). This is a private mailing list for the Cilium security team, and reports will be treated as a top priority.",
"id": "GHSA-q6h5-q3q6-f87x",
"modified": "2026-07-06T20:45:38Z",
"published": "2026-07-06T20:45:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cilium/cilium/security/advisories/GHSA-q6h5-q3q6-f87x"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cilium/cilium/pull/44512"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cilium/cilium/pull/44584"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cilium/cilium/pull/44585"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cilium/cilium"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "CiliumLocalRedirectPolicy addressMatcher allows cross-namespace service traffic hijacking and can break service translation"
}
GHSA-Q6H8-QW7C-64FR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-18 21:33 – Updated: 2026-08-18 21:33Vulnerability in the Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology product of Oracle Hyperion (component: Installation and Configuration). The supported version that is affected is 11.2.25.0.000. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.6 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-70958"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-18T21:17:54Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology product of Oracle Hyperion (component: Installation and Configuration). The supported version that is affected is 11.2.25.0.000. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Hyperion Infrastructure Technology. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.6 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-q6h8-qw7c-64fr",
"modified": "2026-08-18T21:33:19Z",
"published": "2026-08-18T21:33:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-70958"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cspuaug2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.