CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2591 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-RV62-4PMJ-XW6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-04-02 15:46 – Updated: 2023-09-05 12:34An Open Redirect vulnerability for all browsers in Jupyter Notebook before 5.7.8 and some browsers (Chrome, Firefox) in JupyterHub before 0.9.6 allows crafted links to the login page, which will redirect to a malicious site after successful login. Servers running on a base_url prefix are not affected.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "notebook"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.7.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "jupyterhub"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10255"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:55:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability for all browsers in Jupyter Notebook before 5.7.8 and some browsers (Chrome, Firefox) in JupyterHub before 0.9.6 allows crafted links to the login page, which will redirect to a malicious site after successful login. Servers running on a base_url prefix are not affected.",
"id": "GHSA-rv62-4pmj-xw6h",
"modified": "2023-09-05T12:34:54Z",
"published": "2019-04-02T15:46:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10255"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/commit/08c4c898182edbe97aadef1815cce50448f975cb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/commit/70fe9f0ddb3023162ece21fbb77d5564306b913b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/commit/d65328d4841892b412aef9015165db1eb029a8ed"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.jupyter.org/open-redirect-vulnerability-in-jupyter-jupyterhub-adf43583f1e4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-rv62-4pmj-xw6h"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/compare/05aa4b2...16cf97c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/UP5RLEES2JBBNSNLBR65XM6PCD4EMF7D"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/VMDPJBVXOVO6LYGAT46VZNHH6JKSCURO"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect vulnerability in jupyterhub and notebook"
}
GHSA-RV95-896H-C2VC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-25 19:40 – Updated: 2025-12-20 00:09Impact
Versions of Express.js prior to 4.19.2 and pre-release alpha and beta versions before 5.0.0-beta.3 are affected by an open redirect vulnerability using malformed URLs.
When a user of Express performs a redirect using a user-provided URL Express performs an encode using encodeurl on the contents before passing it to the location header. This can cause malformed URLs to be evaluated in unexpected ways by common redirect allow list implementations in Express applications, leading to an Open Redirect via bypass of a properly implemented allow list.
The main method impacted is res.location() but this is also called from within res.redirect().
Patches
https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0867302ddbde0e9463d0564fea5861feb708c2dd https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0b746953c4bd8e377123527db11f9cd866e39f94
An initial fix went out with express@4.19.0, we then patched a feature regression in 4.19.1 and added improved handling for the bypass in 4.19.2.
Workarounds
The fix for this involves pre-parsing the url string with either require('node:url').parse or new URL. These are steps you can take on your own before passing the user input string to res.location or res.redirect.
Resources
https://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/5539 https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1800 https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#res.location
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "express"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.19.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "express"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-alpha.1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.0-beta.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-29041"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1286",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-03-25T19:40:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-25T21:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nVersions of Express.js prior to 4.19.2 and pre-release alpha and beta versions before 5.0.0-beta.3 are affected by an open redirect vulnerability using malformed URLs.\n\nWhen a user of Express performs a redirect using a user-provided URL Express performs an encode [using `encodeurl`](https://github.com/pillarjs/encodeurl) on the contents before passing it to the `location` header. This can cause malformed URLs to be evaluated in unexpected ways by common redirect allow list implementations in Express applications, leading to an Open Redirect via bypass of a properly implemented allow list.\n\nThe main method impacted is `res.location()` but this is also called from within `res.redirect()`.\n\n### Patches\n\nhttps://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0867302ddbde0e9463d0564fea5861feb708c2dd\nhttps://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0b746953c4bd8e377123527db11f9cd866e39f94\n\nAn initial fix went out with `express@4.19.0`, we then patched a feature regression in `4.19.1` and added improved handling for the bypass in `4.19.2`.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe fix for this involves pre-parsing the url string with either `require(\u0027node:url\u0027).parse` or `new URL`. These are steps you can take on your own before passing the user input string to `res.location` or `res.redirect`.\n\n### Resources\n\nhttps://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/5539\nhttps://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1800\nhttps://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#res.location",
"id": "GHSA-rv95-896h-c2vc",
"modified": "2025-12-20T00:09:30Z",
"published": "2024-03-25T19:40:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/security/advisories/GHSA-rv95-896h-c2vc"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-29041"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1800"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/5539"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0867302ddbde0e9463d0564fea5861feb708c2dd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0b746953c4bd8e377123527db11f9cd866e39f94"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#res.location"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Express.js Open Redirect in malformed URLs"
}
GHSA-RVJ6-J43W-HCGW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-05 09:30 – Updated: 2026-09-06 12:30The Accept Stripe Payments WordPress plugin before 2.1.4 does not validate a user-supplied URL before using it in a redirect, allowing unauthenticated attackers to redirect visitors to an arbitrary external website, which can be leveraged for phishing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-81423"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-05T07:17:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Accept Stripe Payments WordPress plugin before 2.1.4 does not validate a user-supplied URL before using it in a redirect, allowing unauthenticated attackers to redirect visitors to an arbitrary external website, which can be leveraged for phishing.",
"id": "GHSA-rvj6-j43w-hcgw",
"modified": "2026-09-06T12:30:22Z",
"published": "2026-09-05T09:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-81423"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/0e4bbbde-b93e-4b58-8baf-301073e9a0c5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RVJG-GXWX-J5GF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-28 17:13 – Updated: 2022-04-28 17:13A flaw was found in keycloak. The OIDC logout endpoint does not have CSRF protection. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-oidc-client-adapter-pom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "18.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10734"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-04-28T17:13:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-11T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in keycloak. The OIDC logout endpoint does not have CSRF protection. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.",
"id": "GHSA-rvjg-gxwx-j5gf",
"modified": "2022-04-28T17:13:58Z",
"published": "2022-04-28T17:13:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/security/advisories/GHSA-rvjg-gxwx-j5gf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1831662"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.redhat.com/browse/KEYCLOAK-13653"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OIDC Logout redirect in keycloak"
}
GHSA-RVP5-9P55-F5RP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 16:00 – Updated: 2026-07-20 21:17Summary
The client-side hashRedirect plugin called window.location.replace() on a path extracted from the URL hash fragment after only checking hashPath.startsWith('/'). Protocol-relative URLs (//attacker.com/…) also satisfy that check, so a crafted link such as https://nocodb.example/#//attacker.com/phishing silently redirected visitors to an attacker-controlled origin.
Details
In packages/nc-gui/plugins/hashRedirect.client.ts, the plugin extracted the hash content and normalised it into cleanUrl:
let cleanUrl = hashPath.startsWith('/') ? hashPath : `/${hashPath}`
if (hashQuery) cleanUrl += `?${hashQuery}`
window.location.replace(cleanUrl)
startsWith('/') returns true for //attacker.com/..., which browsers interpret as a protocol-relative absolute URL. No hostname check was performed before the redirect. The fix adds an early if (/^\/[/\\]/.test(hashPath)) return to reject protocol-relative paths.
Impact
- Open redirect from any NocoDB origin to an attacker-controlled domain.
- No authentication required; the attack lands the victim on an attacker-controlled page that may impersonate a NocoDB login.
Credit
This issue was reported by @fg0x0.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "nocodb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.04.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47377"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-05T16:00:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-23T21:16:59Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe client-side `hashRedirect` plugin called `window.location.replace()` on a path extracted from the URL hash fragment after only checking `hashPath.startsWith(\u0027/\u0027)`. Protocol-relative URLs (`//attacker.com/\u2026`) also satisfy that check, so a crafted link such as `https://nocodb.example/#//attacker.com/phishing` silently redirected visitors to an attacker-controlled origin.\n\n### Details\n\nIn `packages/nc-gui/plugins/hashRedirect.client.ts`, the plugin extracted the hash content and normalised it into `cleanUrl`:\n\n```ts\nlet cleanUrl = hashPath.startsWith(\u0027/\u0027) ? hashPath : `/${hashPath}`\nif (hashQuery) cleanUrl += `?${hashQuery}`\nwindow.location.replace(cleanUrl)\n```\n\n`startsWith(\u0027/\u0027)` returns true for `//attacker.com/...`, which browsers interpret as a protocol-relative absolute URL. No hostname check was performed before the redirect. The fix adds an early `if (/^\\/[/\\\\]/.test(hashPath)) return` to reject protocol-relative paths.\n\n### Impact\n\n- Open redirect from any NocoDB origin to an attacker-controlled domain.\n- No authentication required; the attack lands the victim on an attacker-controlled page that may impersonate a NocoDB login.\n\n### Credit\n\nThis issue was reported by [@fg0x0](https://github.com/fg0x0).",
"id": "GHSA-rvp5-9p55-f5rp",
"modified": "2026-07-20T21:17:29Z",
"published": "2026-06-05T16:00:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nocodb/nocodb/security/advisories/GHSA-rvp5-9p55-f5rp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47377"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/nocodb/nocodb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nocodb/nocodb/releases/tag/2026.04.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "NocoDB: Open Redirect via Hash Fragment in hashRedirect Plugin"
}
GHSA-RVPQ-4XW9-453J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2024-12-09 15:31Dell ECS, versions prior to 3.8.0, contain(s) a Host Header Injection Vulnerability. A remote low-privileged attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to trigger redirections that leads to sensitive information leakage.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38485"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T15:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell ECS, versions prior to 3.8.0, contain(s) a Host Header Injection Vulnerability. A remote low-privileged attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to trigger redirections that leads to sensitive information leakage.",
"id": "GHSA-rvpq-4xw9-453j",
"modified": "2024-12-09T15:31:37Z",
"published": "2024-12-09T15:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38485"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000256185/dsa-2024-331-security-update-for-dell-ecs-host-header-injection-vulnerability"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RW98-5846-PQHX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-16 00:01 – Updated: 2022-02-24 13:56Open Redirect in Packagist microweber/microweber prior to 1.2.11.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "microweber/microweber"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.2.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0597"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-02-16T22:49:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-15T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Redirect in Packagist microweber/microweber prior to 1.2.11.",
"id": "GHSA-rw98-5846-pqhx",
"modified": "2022-02-24T13:56:27Z",
"published": "2022-02-16T00:01:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/microweber/microweber/commit/acfc6a581d1ea86096d1b0ecd8a0eec927c0e9b2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/microweber/microweber"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/68c22eab-cc69-4e9f-bcb6-2df3db626813"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in microweber"
}
GHSA-RWCP-HMQX-M9F3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:01A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Integrated Management Controller (IMC) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the parameters in an HTTP request. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. This vulnerability is known as an open redirect attack, which is used in phishing attacks to get users to visit malicious sites without their knowledge.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1397"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-06T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Integrated Management Controller (IMC) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the parameters in an HTTP request. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. This vulnerability is known as an open redirect attack, which is used in phishing attacks to get users to visit malicious sites without their knowledge.",
"id": "GHSA-rwcp-hmqx-m9f3",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:01:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-imc-openred-zAYrU6d2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-RWCR-6886-9VFQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-01 15:31When a network error occurred during page load, the prior content could have remained in view with a blank URL bar. This could have been used to obfuscate a spoofed web site. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 126.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4773"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T18:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "When a network error occurred during page load, the prior content could have remained in view with a blank URL bar. This could have been used to obfuscate a spoofed web site. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 126.",
"id": "GHSA-rwcr-6886-9vfq",
"modified": "2024-08-01T15:31:44Z",
"published": "2024-05-14T18:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4773"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1875248"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-21"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RWGH-GFM4-665G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms HubSpot gf-hubspot allows Phishing.This issue affects WP Gravity Forms HubSpot: from n/a through <= 1.2.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-60151"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T15:15:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms HubSpot gf-hubspot allows Phishing.This issue affects WP Gravity Forms HubSpot: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.5.",
"id": "GHSA-rwgh-gfm4-665g",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:29Z",
"published": "2025-10-22T15:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60151"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gf-hubspot/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-hubspot-plugin-1-2-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gf-hubspot/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-hubspot-plugin-1-2-5-open-redirection-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gf-hubspot/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-hubspot-plugin-1-2-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.