Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-62

Allowed

UNIX Hard Link

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.

7 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-32232 (GCVE-0-2026-32232)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-12 18:24 – Updated: 2026-03-12 20:46
VLAI
Title
ZeptoClaw: Path boundary checks bypass via symlink, TOCTOU, and hardlink
Summary
ZeptoClaw is a personal AI assistant. Prior to 0.7.6, there is a Dangling Symlink Component Bypass, TOCTOU Between Validation and Use, and Hardlink Alias Bypass. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.7.6.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-62 - UNIX Hard Link
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
qhkm zeptoclaw Affected: < 0.7.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2024-54189 (GCVE-0-2024-54189)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-03 09:43 – Updated: 2025-06-03 13:19
VLAI
Summary
A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Snapshot functionality of Parallels Desktop for Mac version 20.1.1 (build 55740). When a snapshot of a virtual machine is taken, a root service writes to a file owned by a normal user. By using a hard link, an attacker can write to an arbitrary file, potentially leading to privilege escalation.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Parallels Parallels Desktop for Mac Affected: version 20.1.1 (55740)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by KPC of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2024-36486 (GCVE-0-2024-36486)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-03 09:43 – Updated: 2025-06-03 13:22
VLAI
Summary
A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the virtual machine archive restoration functionality of Parallels Desktop for Mac version 20.1.1 (55740). When an archived virtual machine is restored, the prl_vmarchiver tool decompresses the file and writes the content back to its original location using root privileges. An attacker can exploit this process by using a hard link to write to an arbitrary file, potentially resulting in privilege escalation.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Parallels Parallels Desktop for Mac Affected: version 20.1.1 (55740)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by KPC of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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GHSA-29Q4-GXJQ-RX5C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-02-10 02:31 – Updated: 2021-02-10 01:48
VLAI
Summary
Remote Code Execution in SCIMono
Details

Impact

It is possible for attacker to inject and execute java expression and compromising the availability and integrity of the system.

Patches

The issue was fixed on 0.0.19 version

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.sap.scimono:scimono-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
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  "aliases": [
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    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-02-10T01:48:45Z",
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}

GHSA-2M67-CXXQ-C3H8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-12 16:37 – Updated: 2026-03-13 13:36
VLAI
Summary
ZeptoClaw: Path boundary checks bypass via symlink, TOCTOU, and hardlink
Details

Summary

Workspace boundary enforcement currently has three related bypass risks. This issue tracks fixing all three in one pull request.

Details

R1 - Dangling Symlink Component Bypass

  • What happens: Path validation can miss dangling symlink components during traversal checks.
  • Why it matters: A symlink that is unresolved at validation time can later resolve to an external location.
  • Impact: Read and write operations may escape workspace boundaries.
  • Affected area: src/security/path.rs (check_symlink_escape).

R2 - TOCTOU Between Validation and Use

  • What happens: The path is validated first, then used later for filesystem operations.
  • Why it matters: A concurrent filesystem change can swap path components after validation but before open/write.
  • Impact: Race-based workspace escape is possible.
  • Affected area: Filesystem and file-consuming tools that call validate_path_in_workspace before I/O.

R3 - Hardlink Alias Bypass

  • What happens: A file inside workspace can be a hardlink to an inode outside the intended workspace trust boundary.
  • Why it matters: Prefix and symlink checks can pass while data access still mutates or reads external content.
  • Impact: Policy bypass for read/write operations.
  • Affected area: Any tool that reads or writes via validated paths.

Risk Matrix

ID Risk Severity Likelihood Impact
R1 Dangling symlink component bypass High Medium Workspace boundary escape for read/write
R2 Validate/use TOCTOU race High Medium Race-based boundary escape during file I/O
R3 Hardlink alias bypass Medium Low-Medium External inode read/write through in-workspace path

PoC

R1 - Dangling symlink component bypass

  1. Create a symlink inside workspace pointing to a missing target.
  2. Validate a path traversing that symlink.
  3. Create the target directory outside workspace after validation.
  4. Perform file operation and observe potential boundary escape if not fail-closed.

R2 - TOCTOU between validation and use

  1. Validate a candidate in-workspace path.
  2. Before open/write, replace an intermediate component with a link to external location.
  3. Continue with the file operation.
  4. Observe boundary escape if operation trusts only stale validation result.

R3 - Hardlink alias bypass

  1. Place a hardlink inside workspace that points to an external inode.
  2. Validate the in-workspace hardlink path.
  3. Read or write through this path.
  4. Observe external inode access through a path that appears in-scope.

Impacts

Unauthorized cross path boundary

Credit

@zpbrent

Patch

f50c17e11ae3e2d40c96730abac41974ef2ee2a8

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "zeptoclaw"
      },
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            {
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            }
          ],
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        }
      ]
    }
  ],
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  ],
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    ],
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    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-12T19:16:17Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nWorkspace boundary enforcement currently has three related bypass risks. This issue tracks fixing all three in one pull request.\n\n### Details\n\n#### R1 - Dangling Symlink Component Bypass\n- What happens: Path validation can miss dangling symlink components during traversal checks.\n- Why it matters: A symlink that is unresolved at validation time can later resolve to an external location.\n- Impact: Read and write operations may escape workspace boundaries.\n- Affected area: src/security/path.rs (check_symlink_escape).\n\n#### R2 - TOCTOU Between Validation and Use\n- What happens: The path is validated first, then used later for filesystem operations.\n- Why it matters: A concurrent filesystem change can swap path components after validation but before open/write.\n- Impact: Race-based workspace escape is possible.\n- Affected area: Filesystem and file-consuming tools that call validate_path_in_workspace before I/O.\n\n#### R3 - Hardlink Alias Bypass\n- What happens: A file inside workspace can be a hardlink to an inode outside the intended workspace trust boundary.\n- Why it matters: Prefix and symlink checks can pass while data access still mutates or reads external content.\n- Impact: Policy bypass for read/write operations.\n- Affected area: Any tool that reads or writes via validated paths.\n\n#### Risk Matrix\n\n| ID | Risk | Severity | Likelihood | Impact |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| R1 | Dangling symlink component bypass | High | Medium | Workspace boundary escape for read/write |\n| R2 | Validate/use TOCTOU race | High | Medium | Race-based boundary escape during file I/O |\n| R3 | Hardlink alias bypass | Medium | Low-Medium | External inode read/write through in-workspace path |\n\n### PoC\n\n#### R1 - Dangling symlink component bypass\n1. Create a symlink inside workspace pointing to a missing target.\n2. Validate a path traversing that symlink.\n3. Create the target directory outside workspace after validation.\n4. Perform file operation and observe potential boundary escape if not fail-closed.\n\n#### R2 - TOCTOU between validation and use\n1. Validate a candidate in-workspace path.\n2. Before open/write, replace an intermediate component with a link to external location.\n3. Continue with the file operation.\n4. Observe boundary escape if operation trusts only stale validation result.\n\n#### R3 - Hardlink alias bypass\n1. Place a hardlink inside workspace that points to an external inode.\n2. Validate the in-workspace hardlink path.\n3. Read or write through this path.\n4. Observe external inode access through a path that appears in-scope.\n\n### Impacts\nUnauthorized cross path boundary\n\n## Credit\n[@zpbrent](https://github.com/zpbrent)\n\n### Patch\n[f50c17e11ae3e2d40c96730abac41974ef2ee2a8](https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw/commit/f50c17e11ae3e2d40c96730abac41974ef2ee2a8)",
  "id": "GHSA-2m67-cxxq-c3h8",
  "modified": "2026-03-13T13:36:00Z",
  "published": "2026-03-12T16:37:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-2m67-cxxq-c3h8"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32232"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw/pull/324"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw/commit/bf004a20d3687a0c1a9e052ec79536e30d6de134"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw/commit/f50c17e11ae3e2d40c96730abac41974ef2ee2a8"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qhkm/zeptoclaw/releases/tag/v0.7.6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "ZeptoClaw: Path boundary checks bypass via symlink, TOCTOU, and hardlink"
}

GHSA-F2VX-65MP-R4FP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-03 12:30 – Updated: 2025-06-03 12:30
VLAI
Details

A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Snapshot functionality of Parallels Desktop for Mac version 20.1.1 (build 55740). When a snapshot of a virtual machine is taken, a root service writes to a file owned by a normal user. By using a hard link, an attacker can write to an arbitrary file, potentially leading to privilege escalation.

Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54189"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59",
      "CWE-62"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-03T10:15:22Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Snapshot functionality of Parallels Desktop for Mac version 20.1.1 (build 55740). When a snapshot of a virtual machine is taken, a root service writes to a file owned by a normal user. By using a hard link, an attacker can write to an arbitrary file, potentially leading to privilege escalation.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2vx-65mp-r4fp",
  "modified": "2025-06-03T12:30:31Z",
  "published": "2025-06-03T12:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54189"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2024-2124"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2024-2124"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-W3CX-68MP-RWCW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-03 12:30 – Updated: 2025-06-03 12:30
VLAI
Details

A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the virtual machine archive restoration functionality of Parallels Desktop for Mac version 20.1.1 (55740). When an archived virtual machine is restored, the prl_vmarchiver tool decompresses the file and writes the content back to its original location using root privileges. An attacker can exploit this process by using a hard link to write to an arbitrary file, potentially resulting in privilege escalation.

Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-36486"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59",
      "CWE-62"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-03T10:15:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the virtual machine archive restoration functionality of Parallels Desktop for Mac version 20.1.1 (55740). When an archived virtual machine is restored, the prl_vmarchiver tool decompresses the file and writes the content back to its original location using root privileges. An attacker can exploit this process by using a hard link to write to an arbitrary file, potentially resulting in privilege escalation.",
  "id": "GHSA-w3cx-68mp-rwcw",
  "modified": "2025-06-03T12:30:30Z",
  "published": "2025-06-03T12:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-36486"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2024-2126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2024-2126"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation MIT-48.1
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Follow the principle of least privilege when assigning access rights to entities in a software system.
  • Denying access to a file can prevent an attacker from replacing that file with a link to a sensitive file. Ensure good compartmentalization in the system to provide protected areas that can be trusted.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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