CWE-770
AllowedAllocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.
3030 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-563Q-J3CM-6JXM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 20:46 – Updated: 2026-06-15 20:46Summary
Netty HTTP/2 max header size handling produces attack similar to HTTP/2 Rapid Reset.
Details
There is a setting in the http2 specification called SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE. According to the RFC: “This advisory setting informs a peer of the maximum field section size that the sender is prepared to accept, in units of octets.”
When a client sends that setting to Netty, it appears that Netty will behave as follows:
- Read the request
- Proxy the request to the origin
- Attempt to produce a response
- Create an exception while writing the headers for the response
Functionally, this should be similar to the http2 reset attack, but with a different on-the-wire signature.
Remediation
When speaking with clients, Netty should potentially treat this as “advisory” and ignore it. It would be best to ignore the SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE setting from clients (or ignore it when sending to clients). According to the spec, a server does not need to honor this advisory setting, and it appears that other http/2 implementations ignore it when acting as a server.
Impact
This is a DDoS attack similar to the HTTP/2 Rapid Reset Attack.
Credit
Jonathan Looney (Engineering, Netflix)
Contact
Ashley Tolbert (Security, Netflix) - artolbert@netflix.com
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.2.14.Final"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.2.0.Final"
},
{
"fixed": "4.2.15.Final"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.1.134.Final"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.135.Final"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-50560"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-15T20:46:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-12T16:16:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nNetty HTTP/2 max header size handling produces attack similar to HTTP/2 Rapid Reset.\n\n### Details\n\nThere is a setting in the http2 specification called `SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE`. According to[ the RFC](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9113.html#name-defined-settings): \u201cThis advisory setting informs a peer of the maximum field section size that the sender is prepared to accept, in units of octets.\u201d\n\nWhen a client sends that setting to Netty, it appears that Netty will behave as follows:\n\n- Read the request\n- Proxy the request to the origin\n- Attempt to produce a response\n- Create an exception while writing the headers for the response\n\nFunctionally, this should be similar to the http2 reset attack, but with a different on-the-wire signature.\n\n## Remediation\n\nWhen speaking with clients, Netty should potentially treat this as \u201cadvisory\u201d and ignore it. It would be best to ignore the SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE setting from clients (or ignore it when sending to clients). According to the spec, a server does not need to honor this advisory setting, and it appears that other http/2 implementations ignore it when acting as a server.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is a DDoS attack similar to the HTTP/2 Rapid Reset Attack.\n\n## Credit\nJonathan Looney (Engineering, Netflix)\n\n## Contact\nAshley Tolbert (Security, Netflix) - artolbert@netflix.com",
"id": "GHSA-563q-j3cm-6jxm",
"modified": "2026-06-15T20:46:56Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T20:46:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-563q-j3cm-6jxm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-50560"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/releases/tag/netty-4.1.135.Final"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/releases/tag/netty-4.2.15.Final"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9113.html#name-defined-settings"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Netty susceptible to HTTP/2 Reset Attack with different on-the-wire signature"
}
GHSA-568C-FR2C-8M5P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-05 09:33 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
xfs: fix log recovery buffer allocation for the legacy h_size fixup
Commit a70f9fe52daa ("xfs: detect and handle invalid iclog size set by mkfs") added a fixup for incorrect h_size values used for the initial umount record in old xfsprogs versions. Later commit 0c771b99d6c9 ("xfs: clean up calculation of LR header blocks") cleaned up the log reover buffer calculation, but stoped using the fixed up h_size value to size the log recovery buffer, which can lead to an out of bounds access when the incorrect h_size does not come from the old mkfs tool, but a fuzzer.
Fix this by open coding xlog_logrec_hblks and taking the fixed h_size into account for this calculation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-39472"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-05T07:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nxfs: fix log recovery buffer allocation for the legacy h_size fixup\n\nCommit a70f9fe52daa (\"xfs: detect and handle invalid iclog size set by\nmkfs\") added a fixup for incorrect h_size values used for the initial\numount record in old xfsprogs versions. Later commit 0c771b99d6c9\n(\"xfs: clean up calculation of LR header blocks\") cleaned up the log\nreover buffer calculation, but stoped using the fixed up h_size value\nto size the log recovery buffer, which can lead to an out of bounds\naccess when the incorrect h_size does not come from the old mkfs\ntool, but a fuzzer.\n\nFix this by open coding xlog_logrec_hblks and taking the fixed h_size\ninto account for this calculation.",
"id": "GHSA-568c-fr2c-8m5p",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:30:50Z",
"published": "2024-07-05T09:33:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/45cf976008ddef4a9c9a30310c9b4fb2a9a6602a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/57835c0e7152e36b03875dd6c56dfeed685c1b1f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2389c074973aa94e34992e7f66dac0de37595b5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f754591b17d0ee91c2b45fe9509d0cdc420527cb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00001.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-569H-PQF5-WPR7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-15 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-25 00:00Improper memory allocation during counter check DLM handling can lead to denial of service in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Connectivity, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-35096"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-14T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper memory allocation during counter check DLM handling can lead to denial of service in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Connectivity, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile",
"id": "GHSA-569h-pqf5-wpr7",
"modified": "2022-06-25T00:00:53Z",
"published": "2022-06-15T00:00:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-35096"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/may-2022-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56JP-W6VW-J3JW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-06 12:31 – Updated: 2025-02-06 19:01Similarly to CVE-2024-34055, Apache James is vulnerable to denial of service through the abuse of IMAP literals from both authenticated and unauthenticated users, which could be used to cause unbounded memory allocation and very long computations
Version 3.7.6 and 3.8.2 restrict such illegitimate use of IMAP literals.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.james.protocols:protocols-imap"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.7.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.james.protocols:protocols-imap"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.8.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-37358"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-02-06T19:01:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-06T12:15:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Similarly to CVE-2024-34055, Apache James is vulnerable to denial of service through the abuse of IMAP literals from both authenticated and unauthenticated users, which could be used to cause unbounded memory allocation and very long computations\n\nVersion 3.7.6 and 3.8.2 restrict such illegitimate use of IMAP literals.",
"id": "GHSA-56jp-w6vw-j3jw",
"modified": "2025-02-06T19:01:59Z",
"published": "2025-02-06T12:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37358"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/james-project/commit/6dd3ad9ea1f6a9bc887d2c7af3f5aa30a60ec769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/james-project/commit/b2f3c06edfd37b409121bf04c56a6f026048a77e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/james-project"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/1pxsh11v5s3fkvhnqvkmlqwt3fgpcrqc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache James vulnerable to denial of service through the use of IMAP literals"
}
GHSA-56W8-9X5W-FMH9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-09 18:30A low privileged remote attacker can run the webshell with an empty command containing whitespace. The server will then block until it receives more data, resulting in a DoS condition of the websserver.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-41694"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:17:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A low privileged remote attacker can run the webshell with an empty command containing whitespace. The server will then block until it receives more data, resulting in a DoS condition of the websserver.",
"id": "GHSA-56w8-9x5w-fmh9",
"modified": "2025-12-09T18:30:36Z",
"published": "2025-12-09T18:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41694"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://certvde.com/de/advisories/VDE-2025-071"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-57CX-8J75-R834
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:14 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:42ImageMagick 7.0.6-1 has a memory exhaustion vulnerability in ReadOneJNGImage in coders\png.c.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-12643"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-07T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "ImageMagick 7.0.6-1 has a memory exhaustion vulnerability in ReadOneJNGImage in coders\\png.c.",
"id": "GHSA-57cx-8j75-r834",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:42:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:14:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12643"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/issues/549"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit/d9ccd8227c4c88a907cda5278408b73552cb0c07"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2019/05/msg00015.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2020/09/msg00007.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3681-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100218"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-57PF-QW33-M6Q8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-17 00:31 – Updated: 2025-12-17 00:31A vulnerability in the web interface of the Güralp Fortimus Series, Minimus Series and Certimus Series allows an unauthenticated attacker with network access to send specially-crafted HTTP requests that can cause the web service process to deliberately restart. Although this mechanism limits the impact of the attack, it results in a brief denial-of-service condition during the restart.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-14466"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-16T22:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web interface of the G\u00fcralp Fortimus Series, Minimus Series and Certimus Series allows an unauthenticated attacker with network access to send specially-crafted HTTP requests that can cause the web service process to deliberately restart. Although this mechanism limits the impact of the attack, it results in a brief denial-of-service condition during the restart.",
"id": "GHSA-57pf-qw33-m6q8",
"modified": "2025-12-17T00:31:18Z",
"published": "2025-12-17T00:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2025/icsa-25-350-01.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-350-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-583R-J6R6-X57H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:36 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:36An issue was discovered in Xen through 4.14.x. Some OSes (such as Linux, FreeBSD, and NetBSD) are processing watch events using a single thread. If the events are received faster than the thread is able to handle, they will get queued. As the queue is unbounded, a guest may be able to trigger an OOM in the backend. All systems with a FreeBSD, Linux, or NetBSD (any version) dom0 are vulnerable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-29568"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-15T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Xen through 4.14.x. Some OSes (such as Linux, FreeBSD, and NetBSD) are processing watch events using a single thread. If the events are received faster than the thread is able to handle, they will get queued. As the queue is unbounded, a guest may be able to trigger an OOM in the backend. All systems with a FreeBSD, Linux, or NetBSD (any version) dom0 are vulnerable.",
"id": "GHSA-583r-j6r6-x57h",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:36:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:36:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-29568"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/02/msg00018.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/03/msg00010.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202107-30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4843"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://xenbits.xenproject.org/xsa/advisory-349.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5847-RM3G-23MW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-03 00:38 – Updated: 2026-03-03 00:38Vulnerability
The hook authentication throttle keyed failed attempts by raw socket remoteAddress text.
IPv4 and IPv4-mapped IPv6 forms of the same client (for example 1.2.3.4 and ::ffff:1.2.3.4) were treated as different clients, allowing separate rate-limit buckets.
Impact
An attacker could split failed hook-auth attempts across both address forms and effectively double the brute-force budget from 20 to 40 attempts per 60-second window.
Affected Components
src/gateway/server-http.tssrc/gateway/auth-rate-limit.ts
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Vulnerable versions:
<= 2026.2.21-2 - Patched version (planned next release):
2026.2.22
Remediation
Centralize and reuse canonical client-IP normalization for auth rate-limiting, and use that canonical key for hook auth throttling.
Fix Commit(s)
3284d2eb227e7b6536d543bcf5c3e320bc9d13c5
Release Process Note
patched_versions is pre-set to the planned next release (2026.2.22) so once npm release 2026.2.22 is published, this advisory can be published directly.
OpenClaw thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-03T00:38:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Vulnerability\n\nThe hook authentication throttle keyed failed attempts by raw socket `remoteAddress` text.\n\nIPv4 and IPv4-mapped IPv6 forms of the same client (for example `1.2.3.4` and `::ffff:1.2.3.4`) were treated as different clients, allowing separate rate-limit buckets.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker could split failed hook-auth attempts across both address forms and effectively double the brute-force budget from 20 to 40 attempts per 60-second window.\n\n## Affected Components\n\n- `src/gateway/server-http.ts`\n- `src/gateway/auth-rate-limit.ts`\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Vulnerable versions: `\u003c= 2026.2.21-2`\n- Patched version (planned next release): `2026.2.22`\n\n## Remediation\n\nCentralize and reuse canonical client-IP normalization for auth rate-limiting, and use that canonical key for hook auth throttling.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `3284d2eb227e7b6536d543bcf5c3e320bc9d13c5`\n\n## Release Process Note\n\n`patched_versions` is pre-set to the planned next release (`2026.2.22`) so once npm release `2026.2.22` is published, this advisory can be published directly.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-5847-rm3g-23mw",
"modified": "2026-03-03T00:38:48Z",
"published": "2026-03-03T00:38:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-5847-rm3g-23mw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/3284d2eb227e7b6536d543bcf5c3e320bc9d13c5"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw has hook auth rate limiter bypass via IPv4-mapped IPv6 client key variants"
}
GHSA-5866-49GR-22V4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-02 12:33 – Updated: 2025-11-03 22:47Impact
The REXML gem before 3.3.2 has a DoS vulnerability when it parses an XML that has many entity expansions with SAX2 or pull parser API.
If you need to parse untrusted XMLs with SAX2 or pull parser API, you may be impacted to this vulnerability.
Patches
The REXML gem 3.3.3 or later include the patch to fix the vulnerability.
Workarounds
Don't parse untrusted XMLs with SAX2 or pull parser API.
References
- https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/ : This is a similar vulnerability
- https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2024/08/01/dos-rexml-cve-2024-41946/: An announce on www.ruby-lang.org
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "rexml"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41946"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-02T12:33:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-01T15:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe REXML gem before 3.3.2 has a DoS vulnerability when it parses an XML that has many entity expansions with SAX2 or pull parser API.\n\nIf you need to parse untrusted XMLs with SAX2 or pull parser API, you may be impacted to this vulnerability.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe REXML gem 3.3.3 or later include the patch to fix the vulnerability.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDon\u0027t parse untrusted XMLs with SAX2 or pull parser API.\n\n### References\n\n* https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/ : This is a similar vulnerability\n* https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2024/08/01/dos-rexml-cve-2024-41946/: An announce on www.ruby-lang.org",
"id": "GHSA-5866-49gr-22v4",
"modified": "2025-11-03T22:47:32Z",
"published": "2024-08-02T12:33:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/rexml/security/advisories/GHSA-5866-49gr-22v4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41946"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/rexml/commit/033d1909a8f259d5a7c53681bcaf14f13bcf0368"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/rexml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/rexml/CVE-2024-41946.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00011.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250117-0007"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2024/08/01/dos-rexml-cve-2024-41946"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "REXML DoS vulnerability"
}
Mitigation
Clearly specify the minimum and maximum expectations for capabilities, and dictate which behaviors are acceptable when resource allocation reaches limits.
Mitigation
Limit the amount of resources that are accessible to unprivileged users. Set per-user limits for resources. Allow the system administrator to define these limits. Be careful to avoid CWE-410.
Mitigation
Design throttling mechanisms into the system architecture. The best protection is to limit the amount of resources that an unauthorized user can cause to be expended. A strong authentication and access control model will help prevent such attacks from occurring in the first place, and it will help the administrator to identify who is committing the abuse. The login application should be protected against DoS attacks as much as possible. Limiting the database access, perhaps by caching result sets, can help minimize the resources expended. To further limit the potential for a DoS attack, consider tracking the rate of requests received from users and blocking requests that exceed a defined rate threshold.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
- Mitigation of resource exhaustion attacks requires that the target system either:
- The first of these solutions is an issue in itself though, since it may allow attackers to prevent the use of the system by a particular valid user. If the attacker impersonates the valid user, they may be able to prevent the user from accessing the server in question.
- The second solution can be difficult to effectively institute -- and even when properly done, it does not provide a full solution. It simply requires more resources on the part of the attacker.
- recognizes the attack and denies that user further access for a given amount of time, typically by using increasing time delays
- uniformly throttles all requests in order to make it more difficult to consume resources more quickly than they can again be freed.
Mitigation
Ensure that protocols have specific limits of scale placed on them.
Mitigation MIT-38.1
- If the program must fail, ensure that it fails gracefully (fails closed). There may be a temptation to simply let the program fail poorly in cases such as low memory conditions, but an attacker may be able to assert control before the software has fully exited. Alternately, an uncontrolled failure could cause cascading problems with other downstream components; for example, the program could send a signal to a downstream process so the process immediately knows that a problem has occurred and has a better chance of recovery.
- Ensure that all failures in resource allocation place the system into a safe posture.
Mitigation MIT-47
Strategy: Resource Limitation
- Use quotas or other resource-limiting settings provided by the operating system or environment. For example, when managing system resources in POSIX, setrlimit() can be used to set limits for certain types of resources, and getrlimit() can determine how many resources are available. However, these functions are not available on all operating systems.
- When the current levels get close to the maximum that is defined for the application (see CWE-770), then limit the allocation of further resources to privileged users; alternately, begin releasing resources for less-privileged users. While this mitigation may protect the system from attack, it will not necessarily stop attackers from adversely impacting other users.
- Ensure that the application performs the appropriate error checks and error handling in case resources become unavailable (CWE-703).
CAPEC-125: Flooding
An adversary consumes the resources of a target by rapidly engaging in a large number of interactions with the target. This type of attack generally exposes a weakness in rate limiting or flow. When successful this attack prevents legitimate users from accessing the service and can cause the target to crash. This attack differs from resource depletion through leaks or allocations in that the latter attacks do not rely on the volume of requests made to the target but instead focus on manipulation of the target's operations. The key factor in a flooding attack is the number of requests the adversary can make in a given period of time. The greater this number, the more likely an attack is to succeed against a given target.
CAPEC-130: Excessive Allocation
An adversary causes the target to allocate excessive resources to servicing the attackers' request, thereby reducing the resources available for legitimate services and degrading or denying services. Usually, this attack focuses on memory allocation, but any finite resource on the target could be the attacked, including bandwidth, processing cycles, or other resources. This attack does not attempt to force this allocation through a large number of requests (that would be Resource Depletion through Flooding) but instead uses one or a small number of requests that are carefully formatted to force the target to allocate excessive resources to service this request(s). Often this attack takes advantage of a bug in the target to cause the target to allocate resources vastly beyond what would be needed for a normal request.
CAPEC-147: XML Ping of the Death
An attacker initiates a resource depletion attack where a large number of small XML messages are delivered at a sufficiently rapid rate to cause a denial of service or crash of the target. Transactions such as repetitive SOAP transactions can deplete resources faster than a simple flooding attack because of the additional resources used by the SOAP protocol and the resources necessary to process SOAP messages. The transactions used are immaterial as long as they cause resource utilization on the target. In other words, this is a normal flooding attack augmented by using messages that will require extra processing on the target.
CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion
An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.
CAPEC-229: Serialized Data Parameter Blowup
This attack exploits certain serialized data parsers (e.g., XML, YAML, etc.) which manage data in an inefficient manner. The attacker crafts an serialized data file with multiple configuration parameters in the same dataset. In a vulnerable parser, this results in a denial of service condition where CPU resources are exhausted because of the parsing algorithm. The weakness being exploited is tied to parser implementation and not language specific.
CAPEC-230: Serialized Data with Nested Payloads
Applications often need to transform data in and out of a data format (e.g., XML and YAML) by using a parser. It may be possible for an adversary to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the parser when it is being processed. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. By nesting these structures, causing the data to be repeatedly substituted, an adversary can cause the parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization.
CAPEC-231: Oversized Serialized Data Payloads
An adversary injects oversized serialized data payloads into a parser during data processing to produce adverse effects upon the parser such as exhausting system resources and arbitrary code execution.
CAPEC-469: HTTP DoS
An attacker performs flooding at the HTTP level to bring down only a particular web application rather than anything listening on a TCP/IP connection. This denial of service attack requires substantially fewer packets to be sent which makes DoS harder to detect. This is an equivalent of SYN flood in HTTP. The idea is to keep the HTTP session alive indefinitely and then repeat that hundreds of times. This attack targets resource depletion weaknesses in web server software. The web server will wait to attacker's responses on the initiated HTTP sessions while the connection threads are being exhausted.
CAPEC-482: TCP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the TCP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service. These attacks exploit the weakness within the TCP protocol where there is some state information for the connection the server needs to maintain. This often involves the use of TCP SYN messages.
CAPEC-486: UDP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the UDP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming the available network bandwidth. Additionally, firewalls often open a port for each UDP connection destined for a service with an open UDP port, meaning the firewalls in essence save the connection state thus the high packet nature of a UDP flood can also overwhelm resources allocated to the firewall. UDP attacks can also target services like DNS or VoIP which utilize these protocols. Additionally, due to the session-less nature of the UDP protocol, the source of a packet is easily spoofed making it difficult to find the source of the attack.
CAPEC-487: ICMP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the ICMP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming the available network bandwidth. A typical attack involves a victim server receiving ICMP packets at a high rate from a wide range of source addresses. Additionally, due to the session-less nature of the ICMP protocol, the source of a packet is easily spoofed making it difficult to find the source of the attack.
CAPEC-488: HTTP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the HTTP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming resources at the application layer such as web services and their infrastructure. These attacks use legitimate session-based HTTP GET requests designed to consume large amounts of a server's resources. Since these are legitimate sessions this attack is very difficult to detect.
CAPEC-489: SSL Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the SSL protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming all the available resources on the server side. These attacks take advantage of the asymmetric relationship between the processing power used by the client and the processing power used by the server to create a secure connection. In this manner the attacker can make a large number of HTTPS requests on a low provisioned machine to tie up a disproportionately large number of resources on the server. The clients then continue to keep renegotiating the SSL connection. When multiplied by a large number of attacking machines, this attack can result in a crash or loss of service to legitimate users.
CAPEC-490: Amplification
An adversary may execute an amplification where the size of a response is far greater than that of the request that generates it. The goal of this attack is to use a relatively few resources to create a large amount of traffic against a target server. To execute this attack, an adversary send a request to a 3rd party service, spoofing the source address to be that of the target server. The larger response that is generated by the 3rd party service is then sent to the target server. By sending a large number of initial requests, the adversary can generate a tremendous amount of traffic directed at the target. The greater the discrepancy in size between the initial request and the final payload delivered to the target increased the effectiveness of this attack.
CAPEC-491: Quadratic Data Expansion
An adversary exploits macro-like substitution to cause a denial of service situation due to excessive memory being allocated to fully expand the data. The result of this denial of service could cause the application to freeze or crash. This involves defining a very large entity and using it multiple times in a single entity substitution. CAPEC-197 is a similar attack pattern, but it is easier to discover and defend against. This attack pattern does not perform multi-level substitution and therefore does not obviously appear to consume extensive resources.
CAPEC-493: SOAP Array Blowup
An adversary may execute an attack on a web service that uses SOAP messages in communication. By sending a very large SOAP array declaration to the web service, the attacker forces the web service to allocate space for the array elements before they are parsed by the XML parser. The attacker message is typically small in size containing a large array declaration of say 1,000,000 elements and a couple of array elements. This attack targets exhaustion of the memory resources of the web service.
CAPEC-494: TCP Fragmentation
An adversary may execute a TCP Fragmentation attack against a target with the intention of avoiding filtering rules of network controls, by attempting to fragment the TCP packet such that the headers flag field is pushed into the second fragment which typically is not filtered.
CAPEC-495: UDP Fragmentation
An attacker may execute a UDP Fragmentation attack against a target server in an attempt to consume resources such as bandwidth and CPU. IP fragmentation occurs when an IP datagram is larger than the MTU of the route the datagram has to traverse. Typically the attacker will use large UDP packets over 1500 bytes of data which forces fragmentation as ethernet MTU is 1500 bytes. This attack is a variation on a typical UDP flood but it enables more network bandwidth to be consumed with fewer packets. Additionally it has the potential to consume server CPU resources and fill memory buffers associated with the processing and reassembling of fragmented packets.
CAPEC-496: ICMP Fragmentation
An attacker may execute a ICMP Fragmentation attack against a target with the intention of consuming resources or causing a crash. The attacker crafts a large number of identical fragmented IP packets containing a portion of a fragmented ICMP message. The attacker these sends these messages to a target host which causes the host to become non-responsive. Another vector may be sending a fragmented ICMP message to a target host with incorrect sizes in the header which causes the host to hang.
CAPEC-528: XML Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using XML messages with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a web service. These attacks are accomplished by sending a large number of XML based requests and letting the service attempt to parse each one. In many cases this type of an attack will result in a XML Denial of Service (XDoS) due to an application becoming unstable, freezing, or crashing.