CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8FP7-34G5-GW45
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-11 00:02Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D7800 before 1.0.1.64, EX6200v2 before 1.0.1.86, EX6250 before 1.0.0.134, EX7700 before 1.0.0.216, EX8000 before 1.0.1.232, LBR20 before 2.6.3.50, R7800 before 1.0.2.80, R8900 before 1.0.5.26, R9000 before 1.0.5.26, RAX120 before 1.2.0.16, RBS50Y before 1.0.0.56, WNR2000v5 before 1.0.0.76, XR450 before 2.3.2.114, XR500 before 2.3.2.114, XR700 before 1.0.1.36, EX6150v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX7300 before 1.0.2.158, EX7320 before 1.0.0.134, EX6100v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX6400 before 1.0.2.158, EX7300v2 before 1.0.0.134, EX6410 before 1.0.0.134, RBR10 before 2.6.1.44, RBR20 before 2.6.2.104, RBR40 before 2.6.2.104, RBR50 before 2.7.2.102, EX6420 before 1.0.0.134, RBS10 before 2.6.1.44, RBS20 before 2.6.2.104, RBS40 before 2.6.2.104, RBS50 before 2.7.2.102, EX6400v2 before 1.0.0.134, RBK12 before 2.6.1.44, RBK20 before 2.6.2.104, RBK40 before 2.6.2.104, and RBK50 before 2.7.2.102.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45618"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D7800 before 1.0.1.64, EX6200v2 before 1.0.1.86, EX6250 before 1.0.0.134, EX7700 before 1.0.0.216, EX8000 before 1.0.1.232, LBR20 before 2.6.3.50, R7800 before 1.0.2.80, R8900 before 1.0.5.26, R9000 before 1.0.5.26, RAX120 before 1.2.0.16, RBS50Y before 1.0.0.56, WNR2000v5 before 1.0.0.76, XR450 before 2.3.2.114, XR500 before 2.3.2.114, XR700 before 1.0.1.36, EX6150v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX7300 before 1.0.2.158, EX7320 before 1.0.0.134, EX6100v2 before 1.0.1.98, EX6400 before 1.0.2.158, EX7300v2 before 1.0.0.134, EX6410 before 1.0.0.134, RBR10 before 2.6.1.44, RBR20 before 2.6.2.104, RBR40 before 2.6.2.104, RBR50 before 2.7.2.102, EX6420 before 1.0.0.134, RBS10 before 2.6.1.44, RBS20 before 2.6.2.104, RBS40 before 2.6.2.104, RBS50 before 2.7.2.102, EX6400v2 before 1.0.0.134, RBK12 before 2.6.1.44, RBK20 before 2.6.2.104, RBK40 before 2.6.2.104, and RBK50 before 2.7.2.102.",
"id": "GHSA-8fp7-34g5-gw45",
"modified": "2022-01-11T00:02:01Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:00:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45618"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064490/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-Extenders-and-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0422"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8FXJ-P7CC-6Q3H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-11 03:30 – Updated: 2025-08-11 03:30A vulnerability was identified in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. This issue affects the function RP_setBasic of the file /goform/RP_setBasic. The manipulation of the argument bssid leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8821"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-11T01:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. This issue affects the function RP_setBasic of the file /goform/RP_setBasic. The manipulation of the argument bssid leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-8fxj-p7cc-6q3h",
"modified": "2025-08-11T03:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-08-11T03:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8821"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_55/55.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_55/55.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319355"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319355"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.626685"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.linksys.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G3G-85W5-QRM6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-21 00:33 – Updated: 2024-12-26 21:30A command injection is possible through the user interface, allowing arbitrary command execution as the root user. oMG2000 running MGOS 3.15.1 or earlier is affected.
MG90 running MGOS 4.2.1 or earlier is affected.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-13712"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-20T22:15:23Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection is possible through the user interface, allowing arbitrary command execution as \nthe root user. oMG2000 running MGOS 3.15.1 or earlier is affected.\u00a0\n\nMG90 running MGOS 4.2.1 or earlier is affected.",
"id": "GHSA-8g3g-85w5-qrm6",
"modified": "2024-12-26T21:30:36Z",
"published": "2024-12-21T00:33:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-13712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.sierrawireless.com/-/media/support_downloads/security-bulletins/pdf/swi-psa-2020-006---mgos-security-update.ashx"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G3M-7H36-26G3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00In ProLink PRC2402M V1.0.18 and older, the set_sys_cmd function in the adm.cgi binary, accessible with a page parameter value of sysCMD contains a trivial command injection where the value of the command parameter is passed directly to system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-36706"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-06T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In ProLink PRC2402M V1.0.18 and older, the set_sys_cmd function in the adm.cgi binary, accessible with a page parameter value of sysCMD contains a trivial command injection where the value of the command parameter is passed directly to system.",
"id": "GHSA-8g3m-7h36-26g3",
"modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:10:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36706"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ayrx.me/prolink-prc2402m-multiple-vulnerabilities/#syscmd-command-injection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G46-9C84-98VH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:12 – Updated: 2025-05-05 18:30/cgi-bin/activate.cgi on Draytek Vigor3900, Vigor2960, and Vigor300B devices before 1.5.1 allows remote attackers to achieve command injection via a remote HTTP request in DEBUG mode.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10826"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-26T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "/cgi-bin/activate.cgi on Draytek Vigor3900, Vigor2960, and Vigor300B devices before 1.5.1 allows remote attackers to achieve command injection via a remote HTTP request in DEBUG mode.",
"id": "GHSA-8g46-9c84-98vh",
"modified": "2025-05-05T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:12:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://slashd.ga/2020/03/draytek-vulnerabilities"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.draytek.com/about/security-advisory/vigor3900-/-vigor2960-/-vigor300b-stack-based-buffer-overflow-vulnerability"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G64-GVPH-WJJ7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-22 18:30 – Updated: 2023-09-22 18:30Command injection in homemng.htm in Juplink RX4-1500 versions V1.0.2, V1.0.3, V1.0.4, and V1.0.5 allows remote authenticated attackers to execute commands via specially crafted requests to the vulnerable endpoint.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41031"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-22T17:15:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Command injection in\u00a0homemng.htm\u00a0in\u00a0Juplink RX4-1500 versions V1.0.2,\u00a0V1.0.3,\u00a0V1.0.4, and\u00a0V1.0.5\u00a0allows remote authenticated attackers to execute commands via specially crafted requests to the vulnerable endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-8g64-gvph-wjj7",
"modified": "2023-09-22T18:30:26Z",
"published": "2023-09-22T18:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41031"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.exodusintel.com/2023/09/18/juplink-rx4-1500-homemng-command-injection-vulnerability"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G95-97R6-4V76
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:13 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:13A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways; Aruba Operating System Software version(s): Prior to 8.6.0.4-2.2.0.4; Prior to 8.7.1.4, 8.6.0.9, 8.5.0.13, 8.3.0.16, 6.5.4.20, 6.4.4.25. Aruba has released patches for Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways and ArubaOS that address this security vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37720"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-07T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways; Aruba Operating System Software version(s): Prior to 8.6.0.4-2.2.0.4; Prior to 8.7.1.4, 8.6.0.9, 8.5.0.13, 8.3.0.16, 6.5.4.20, 6.4.4.25. Aruba has released patches for Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways and ArubaOS that address this security vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-8g95-97r6-4v76",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:13:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:13:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37720"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-280624.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2021-016.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8GG6-3R63-25M8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-08-15 20:03 – Updated: 2023-08-29 12:09git-fastclone before 1.0.1 permits arbitrary shell command execution from .gitmodules. If an attacker can instruct a user to run a recursive clone from a repository they control, they can get a client to run an arbitrary shell command. Alternately, if an attacker can MITM an unencrypted git clone, they could exploit this. The ext command will be run if the repository is recursively cloned or if submodules are updated. This attack works when cloning both local and remote repositories.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "git-fastclone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-8968"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:25:37Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "git-fastclone before 1.0.1 permits arbitrary shell command execution from .gitmodules. If an attacker can instruct a user to run a recursive clone from a repository they control, they can get a client to run an arbitrary shell command. Alternately, if an attacker can MITM an unencrypted git clone, they could exploit this. The ext command will be run if the repository is recursively cloned or if submodules are updated. This attack works when cloning both local and remote repositories.",
"id": "GHSA-8gg6-3r63-25m8",
"modified": "2023-08-29T12:09:29Z",
"published": "2018-08-15T20:03:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-8968"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/square/git-fastclone/pull/2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/104465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/git-fastclone/CVE-2015-8968.yml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/square/git-fastclone"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200227213019/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/81433"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "git-fastclone permits arbitrary shell command execution from .gitmodules"
}
GHSA-8GJQ-3W6Q-PWG4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:06 – Updated: 2022-08-13 00:00Vulnerability in Fidelis Network and Deception CommandPost enables authenticated command injection through the web interface. The vulnerability could allow a specially crafted HTTP request to execute system commands on the CommandPost and return results in an HTTP response in an authenticated session. The vulnerability is present in Fidelis Network and Deception versions prior to 9.3.7 and in version 9.4. Patches and updates are available to address this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-35049"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-25T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in Fidelis Network and Deception CommandPost enables authenticated command injection through the web interface. The vulnerability could allow a specially crafted HTTP request to execute system commands on the CommandPost and return results in an HTTP response in an authenticated session. The vulnerability is present in Fidelis Network and Deception versions prior to 9.3.7 and in version 9.4. Patches and updates are available to address this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-8gjq-3w6q-pwg4",
"modified": "2022-08-13T00:00:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:06:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-35049"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.fidelissecurity.com/hc/en-us/categories/360001842694-Advisories-News-and-Policies"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.securifera.com/blog/2021/06/24/operation-eagle-eye"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8GQJ-V2WW-XM3P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-01 06:30 – Updated: 2023-02-08 18:30Dell PowerScale OneFS, 8.2.x-9.4.x, contain a command injection vulnerability. An authenticated user having access local shell and having the privilege to gather logs from the cluster could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to execute arbitrary commands, denial of service, information disclosure, and data deletion.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-45095"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-01T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell PowerScale OneFS, 8.2.x-9.4.x, contain a command injection vulnerability. An authenticated user having access local shell and having the privilege to gather logs from the cluster could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to execute arbitrary commands, denial of service, information disclosure, and data deletion.",
"id": "GHSA-8gqj-v2ww-xm3p",
"modified": "2023-02-08T18:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-02-01T06:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45095"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000206357/dell-emc-powerscale-onefs-security-updates-for-multiple-security-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.