CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8J63-96WH-WH3J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-01 18:10 – Updated: 2025-08-26 20:26Project Address: Project Address 1Panel
Official website: https://www.1panel.cn/
Time: 2025 07 26
Version: 1panel V2.0.5
Vulnerability Summary
- First, we introduce the concepts of 1panel v2 Core and Agent. After the new version is released, 1panel adds the node management function, which allows you to control other hosts by adding nodes.
- The HTTPS protocol used for communication between the Core and Agent sides did not fully verify the authenticity of the certificate during certificate verification, resulting in unauthorized interfaces. The presence of a large number of command execution or high-privilege interfaces in the 1panel led to RCE.
Code audit process
- First we go to the Agent HTTP routing fileagent/init/router/router.go
- It was found that the Routersreference function in the function Certificatewas globally checked.agent/middleware/certificate.go
- The discovery Certificatefunction determines c.Request.TLS.HandshakeCompletewhether certificate communication has been performed
- Since c.Request.TLS.HandshakeCompletethe true or false judgment is determined by agent/server/server.gothe code Startfunctiontls.RequireAnyClientCert
Note:：Here due to the use of tls.RequireAnyClientCert instead of tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert，RequireAnyClientCert Only require the client to provide a certificate，Does not verify the issuance of certificates CA，So any self assigned certificate will pass TLS handshake。
- The subsequent Certificatefunction only verified that the CN field of the certificate was panel_client, without verifying the certificate issuer. Finally, it was discovered that the WebSocket connection could bypass Proxy-ID verification.
- Process WebSocket interface (based on the above questions, all processes and other sensitive information can be obtained) routing address: /process/ws the request format is as follows
{
"type": "ps", // 数据类型: ps(进程), ssh(SSH会话), net(网络连接), wget(下载进度)
"pid": 123, // 可选，指定进程ID进行筛选
"name": "process_name", // 可选，根据进程名筛选
"username": "user" // 可选，根据用户名筛选
}
- Terminal SSH WebSocket interface (according to the above problem, any command can be executed) routing address: /hosts/terminal the request format is as follows
{
"type": "cmd",
"data": "d2hvYW1pCg==" // "whoami" 的base64编码，记住不要忘记回车。
}
-
Container Terminal WebSocket interface (container execution command interface) routing address:/containers/terminal
-
File Download Process WebSocket interface (automatically push download progress information) routing address:/files/wget/process
Attack process
-
First generate a fake certificate openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout panel_client.key -out panel_client.crt -days 365 -nodes -subj "/CN=panel_client"
-
Then use the certificate to request verification. If the websocket interface is successfully connected, there is a vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.0.0-20250730021757-04b9cbd87a15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54424"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-01T18:10:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-01T23:15:24Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Project Address: Project Address [1Panel](https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel)\n### Official website: https://www.1panel.cn/\n### Time: 2025 07 26\n### Version: 1panel V2.0.5\n### Vulnerability Summary\n - First, we introduce the concepts of 1panel v2 Core and Agent. After the new version is released, 1panel adds the node management function, which allows you to control other hosts by adding nodes.\n - The HTTPS protocol used for communication between the Core and Agent sides did not fully verify the authenticity of the certificate during certificate verification, resulting in unauthorized interfaces. The presence of a large number of command execution or high-privilege interfaces in the 1panel led to RCE.\n\n\n\n### Code audit process\n\n1. First we go to the Agent HTTP routing fileagent/init/router/router.go\n\n\n\n2. It was found that the Routersreference function in the function Certificatewas globally checked.agent/middleware/certificate.go\n\n\n\n3. The discovery Certificatefunction determines c.Request.TLS.HandshakeCompletewhether certificate communication has been performed\n\n\n\n4. Since c.Request.TLS.HandshakeCompletethe true or false judgment is determined by agent/server/server.gothe code Startfunctiontls.RequireAnyClientCert\n\n\n\nNote:\uff1a`Here due to the use of tls.RequireAnyClientCert instead of tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert\uff0cRequireAnyClientCert Only require the client to provide a certificate\uff0cDoes not verify the issuance of certificates CA\uff0cSo any self assigned certificate will pass TLS handshake\u3002`\n\n5. The subsequent Certificatefunction only verified that the CN field of the certificate was panel_client, without verifying the certificate issuer. Finally, it was discovered that the WebSocket connection could bypass Proxy-ID verification.\n\n\n\n6. Process WebSocket interface (based on the above questions, all processes and other sensitive information can be obtained)\nrouting address: /process/ws\nthe request format is as follows\n```\n{\n \"type\": \"ps\", // \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b: ps(\u8fdb\u7a0b), ssh(SSH\u4f1a\u8bdd), net(\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5), wget(\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8fdb\u5ea6)\n \"pid\": 123, // \u53ef\u9009\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\n \"name\": \"process_name\", // \u53ef\u9009\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u7b5b\u9009\n \"username\": \"user\" // \u53ef\u9009\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u7b5b\u9009\n}\n```\n\n\n - Terminal SSH WebSocket interface (according to the above problem, any command can be executed)\nrouting address: /hosts/terminal\nthe request format is as follows\n```\n{\n \"type\": \"cmd\",\n \"data\": \"d2hvYW1pCg==\" // \"whoami\" \u7684base64\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u8bb0\u56de\u8f66\u3002\n}\n```\n\n\n - Container Terminal WebSocket interface (container execution command interface)\nrouting address:/containers/terminal\n \n - File Download Process WebSocket interface (automatically push download progress information)\nrouting address:/files/wget/process\n\n### Attack process\n\n1. First generate a fake certificate\nopenssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout panel_client.key -out panel_client.crt -days 365 -nodes -subj \"/CN=panel_client\"\n\n2. Then use the certificate to request verification. If the websocket interface is successfully connected, there is a vulnerability.\n\n\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-8j63-96wh-wh3j",
"modified": "2025-08-26T20:26:49Z",
"published": "2025-08-01T18:10:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/security/advisories/GHSA-8j63-96wh-wh3j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54424"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/pull/9698/commits/4003284521f8d31ddaf7215d1c30ab8b4cdb0261"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/releases/tag/v2.0.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2025-3834"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "1Panel agent certificate verification bypass leading to arbitrary command execution"
}
GHSA-8J6X-QXX5-28PH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-26 00:00Tenda AC9 v15.03.2.21 was discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the SetIPTVCfg function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25438"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-18T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Tenda AC9 v15.03.2.21 was discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the SetIPTVCfg function.",
"id": "GHSA-8j6x-qxx5-28ph",
"modified": "2022-03-26T00:00:41Z",
"published": "2022-03-19T00:00:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EPhaha/IOT_vuln/tree/main/Tenda/AC9/11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8J86-H8GG-797P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-16 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-16 21:30An issue in Open Source GPT Researcher v3.3.7 allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands on a victim system via user interaction with a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-65720"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-15T22:16:45Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in Open Source GPT Researcher v3.3.7 allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands on a victim system via user interaction with a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-8j86-h8gg-797p",
"modified": "2026-07-16T21:30:33Z",
"published": "2026-07-16T00:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65720"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/assafelovic/gpt-researcher"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ox.security/blog/gpt-researcher-remote-code-execution"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ox.security/blog/mcp-supply-chain-advisory-rce-vulnerabilities-across-the-ai-ecosystem"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8JMW-WJR8-2X66
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-02 00:00 – Updated: 2023-09-07 00:12All versions of package git-clone are vulnerable to Command Injection due to insecure usage of the --upload-pack feature of git.
Credits
Credit to @lirantal for discovering this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "git-clone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25900"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-07-06T19:51:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-01T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of package git-clone are vulnerable to Command Injection due to insecure usage of the `--upload-pack` feature of git.\n\n## Credits\n\nCredit to @lirantal for discovering this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-8jmw-wjr8-2x66",
"modified": "2023-09-07T00:12:52Z",
"published": "2022-07-02T00:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25900"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jaz303/git-clone/commit/fd330459593aef7c7a8c54d786e3c4d5722749f9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/lirantal/9441f3a1212728476f7a6caa4acb2ccc"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jaz303/git-clone"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-GITCLONE-2434308"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Command injection in git-clone"
}
GHSA-8JQ2-X4GM-3P2Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:29 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:29The portal in IBM Tivoli Monitoring (ITM) 6.2.2 through FP9, 6.2.3 through FP5, and 6.3.0 before FP7 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands by leveraging Take Action view authority and providing crafted input.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-5003"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-01-03T05:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The portal in IBM Tivoli Monitoring (ITM) 6.2.2 through FP9, 6.2.3 through FP5, and 6.3.0 before FP7 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands by leveraging Take Action view authority and providing crafted input.",
"id": "GHSA-8jq2-x4gm-3p2q",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:29:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:29:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IV77742"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21970361"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1034924"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8JW8-JR2V-GQ8F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-02 15:30 – Updated: 2023-02-09 21:30A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in dst-admin 1.5.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /home/kickPlayer. The manipulation of the argument userId leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-220034 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0647"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-02T15:17:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in dst-admin 1.5.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /home/kickPlayer. The manipulation of the argument userId leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-220034 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-8jw8-jr2v-gq8f",
"modified": "2023-02-09T21:30:28Z",
"published": "2023-02-02T15:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0647"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Ha0Liu/cveAdd/blob/developer/dst-admin%201.5.0%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%B0kickPlayer%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C/Dst-admin%201.5.0%20background%20kickPlayer%20interface%20remote%20command%20execution.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.220034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.220034"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8JW9-7JRJ-WP3F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-29 00:00 – Updated: 2025-01-06 15:30D-Link Go-RT-AC750 GORTAC750_revA_v101b03 and GO-RT-AC750_revB_FWv200b02 are vulnerable to Command Injection via cgibin, ssdpcgi_main.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-37057"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-28T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "D-Link Go-RT-AC750 GORTAC750_revA_v101b03 and GO-RT-AC750_revB_FWv200b02 are vulnerable to Command Injection via cgibin, ssdpcgi_main.",
"id": "GHSA-8jw9-7jrj-wp3f",
"modified": "2025-01-06T15:30:58Z",
"published": "2022-08-29T00:00:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-37057"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_UUpraFTxxB97ujrgVLQZXQ8Q8M58BAF/view?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10308"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8JX3-84V7-HF92
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-05 00:01NETGEAR D6220 devices before 1.0.0.76 are affected by command injection by an authenticated user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45531"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "NETGEAR D6220 devices before 1.0.0.76 are affected by command injection by an authenticated user.",
"id": "GHSA-8jx3-84v7-hf92",
"modified": "2022-01-05T00:01:39Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064535/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-D6220-PSV-2021-0200"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8M2P-3J92-V9RW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-16 18:31 – Updated: 2025-06-03 06:31A vulnerability classified as critical was found in Totolink X2000R 1.0.0-B20221212.1452. Affected by this vulnerability is the function formMapDelDevice of the file /boafrm/formMapDelDevice. The manipulation of the argument macstr leads to command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-250795. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-16T17:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical was found in Totolink X2000R 1.0.0-B20221212.1452. Affected by this vulnerability is the function formMapDelDevice of the file /boafrm/formMapDelDevice. The manipulation of the argument macstr leads to command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-250795. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-8m2p-3j92-v9rw",
"modified": "2025-06-03T06:31:13Z",
"published": "2024-01-16T18:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jylsec/vuldb/blob/main/TOTOLINK/X2000R/1/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.250795"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.250795"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.263721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8M7R-8QQ7-44RP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-17 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-25 03:30TOTOlink A7100RU V7.4cu.2313_B20191024 is vulnerable to Command Injection Vulnerability in the httpd service. An attacker can obtain a stable root shell through a specially constructed payload.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-47853"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-17T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOlink A7100RU V7.4cu.2313_B20191024 is vulnerable to Command Injection Vulnerability in the httpd service. An attacker can obtain a stable root shell through a specially constructed payload.",
"id": "GHSA-8m7r-8qq7-44rp",
"modified": "2023-01-25T03:30:30Z",
"published": "2023-01-17T21:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47853"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Am1ngl/ttt/tree/main/16"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.