CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5382 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G3X3-9Q8C-87H7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:32 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:32The version control adapters component of TIBCO Data Virtualization (formerly known as Cisco Information Server) contains vulnerabilities that may allow for arbitrary command execution. Affected releases are TIBCO Data Virtualization: 7.0.5; 7.0.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-5428"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-20T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The version control adapters component of TIBCO Data Virtualization (formerly known as Cisco Information Server) contains vulnerabilities that may allow for arbitrary command execution. Affected releases are TIBCO Data Virtualization: 7.0.5; 7.0.6.",
"id": "GHSA-g3x3-9q8c-87h7",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:32:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:32:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5428"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tibco.com/support/advisories/2018/06/tibco-security-advisory-june-20-2018-tibco-data-virtualization"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104518"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G435-352V-FPXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-10 18:30Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in GitHub Copilot and Visual Studio allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-21257"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T18:16:27Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command (\u0027command injection\u0027) in GitHub Copilot and Visual Studio allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-g435-352v-fpxp",
"modified": "2026-02-10T18:30:41Z",
"published": "2026-02-10T18:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-21257"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G475-P834-3234
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the underlying operating system of an affected device. The vulnerability exists because the affected software improperly sanitizes values that are parsed from a specific configuration file. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by tampering with a specific configuration file and then sending an API call. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to inject arbitrary code that would be executed on the underlying operating system of the affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker would need to have a privileged set of credentials to the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1443"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-24T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the underlying operating system of an affected device. The vulnerability exists because the affected software improperly sanitizes values that are parsed from a specific configuration file. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by tampering with a specific configuration file and then sending an API call. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to inject arbitrary code that would be executed on the underlying operating system of the affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker would need to have a privileged set of credentials to the device.",
"id": "GHSA-g475-p834-3234",
"modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:45:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1443"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ios-xe-os-cmd-inj-Ef6TV5e9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G497-V9RM-7W4W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-12 12:31 – Updated: 2026-07-12 12:31A vulnerability has been found in SonicCloudOrg sonic-agent up to 2.7.2. The affected element is an unknown function of the file AndroidWSServer.java of the component Android WebSocket Server. The manipulation of the argument path leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-15495"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-12T11:16:46Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in SonicCloudOrg sonic-agent up to 2.7.2. The affected element is an unknown function of the file AndroidWSServer.java of the component Android WebSocket Server. The manipulation of the argument path leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-g497-v9rm-7w4w",
"modified": "2026-07-12T12:31:46Z",
"published": "2026-07-12T12:31:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-15495"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xpp3901/CVE_APPLY/blob/main/V-S003_SonicAgent_pullFile_CmdInjection_RCE/poc_pullfile_rce.py"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xpp3901/CVE_APPLY/tree/main/V-S003_SonicAgent_pullFile_CmdInjection_RCE"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15495"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/844484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/377802"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/377802/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G4H5-FXMV-9Q6M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-20 18:30 – Updated: 2025-05-21 21:31D-link DI-8100 16.07.26A1 is vulnerable to Command Injection. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting specific HTTP requests, triggering the command execution flaw and gaining the highest privilege shell access to the firmware system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44084"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-20T17:15:49Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "D-link DI-8100 16.07.26A1 is vulnerable to Command Injection. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by crafting specific HTTP requests, triggering the command execution flaw and gaining the highest privilege shell access to the firmware system.",
"id": "GHSA-g4h5-fxmv-9q6m",
"modified": "2025-05-21T21:31:34Z",
"published": "2025-05-20T18:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44084"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/piposy/IOTsec/blob/main/Dlink/DI8100/DI8100-A1-2.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G4MX-9XWC-MMMW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-12 15:31 – Updated: 2025-09-12 15:31The Evertz SDVN 3080ipx-10G is a High Bandwidth Ethernet Switching Fabric for Video Application. This device exposes a web management interface on port 80. This web management interface can be used by administrators to control product features, setup network switching, and register license among other features. The application has been developed in PHP with the webEASY SDK, also named ‘ewb’ by Evertz.
This web interface has two endpoints that are vulnerable to arbitrary command injection (CVE-2025-4009, CVE-2025-10364) and the authentication mechanism has a flaw leading to authentication bypass (CVE-2025-10365).
CVE-2025-4009 covers the command injection in feature-transfer-import.php CVE-2025-10364 covers the command injection in feature-transfer-export.php
Remote unauthenticated attackers can gain arbitrary command execution with elevated privileges ( root ) on affected devices.
This level of access could lead to serious business impact such as the interruption of media streaming, modification of media being streamed, alteration of closed captions being generated, among others.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10364"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-12T14:15:40Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Evertz SDVN 3080ipx-10G is a High Bandwidth Ethernet Switching Fabric for Video Application. This device exposes a web management interface on port 80. This web management interface can be used by administrators to control product\nfeatures, setup network switching, and register license among other features. The application has been developed in PHP with the webEASY SDK, also named \u2018ewb\u2019 by Evertz.\n\nThis web interface has two endpoints that are vulnerable to arbitrary command injection (CVE-2025-4009, CVE-2025-10364) and the authentication mechanism has a flaw leading to authentication bypass (CVE-2025-10365).\n\nCVE-2025-4009 covers the command injection in\u00a0feature-transfer-import.php\nCVE-2025-10364 covers the command injection in\u00a0feature-transfer-export.php\n\nRemote unauthenticated attackers can gain arbitrary command execution with elevated privileges ( root ) on affected devices.\n\nThis level of access could lead to serious business impact such as the interruption of media streaming, modification of media being streamed, alteration of closed captions being generated, among others.",
"id": "GHSA-g4mx-9xwc-mmmw",
"modified": "2025-09-12T15:31:17Z",
"published": "2025-09-12T15:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10364"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.onekey.com/resource/security-advisory-remote-code-execution-on-evertz-svdn-cve-2025-4009"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:Y/R:X/V:C/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G4MX-VHR8-G9G7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:35 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:35TOTOLINK A3002RU-V2.0.0 B20190814.1034 allows authenticated remote users to modify the system's 'Run Command'. An attacker can use this functionality to execute arbitrary OS commands on the router.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25499"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-09T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK A3002RU-V2.0.0 B20190814.1034 allows authenticated remote users to modify the system\u0027s \u0027Run Command\u0027. An attacker can use this functionality to execute arbitrary OS commands on the router.",
"id": "GHSA-g4mx-vhr8-g9g7",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:35:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:35:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25499"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kdoos/Vulnerabilities/blob/main/RCE_TOTOLINK-A3002RU-V2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net/home/index/newsss/id/196.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-G4Q4-3MM2-2W69
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-20 15:31 – Updated: 2026-05-01 18:31OS Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in API in Progress ADC Products allows an authenticated attacker with “VS Administration” permissions to execute arbitrary commands on the LoadMaster appliance by exploiting unsanitized input in the 'aclcontrol' command
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3519"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-20T14:16:19Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OS Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in API in Progress ADC Products allows an authenticated attacker with \u201cVS Administration\u201d permissions to execute arbitrary commands on the LoadMaster appliance by exploiting unsanitized input in the \u0027aclcontrol\u0027 command",
"id": "GHSA-g4q4-3mm2-2w69",
"modified": "2026-05-01T18:31:20Z",
"published": "2026-04-20T15:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3519"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.progress.com/s/article/LoadMaster-Security-Vulnerabilites-CVE-2026-3517-CVE-2026-3518-CVE-2026-3519-CVE-2026-4048-CVE-2026-21876"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G4RG-993R-MGX7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:18 – Updated: 2025-09-10 17:27The shell-quote package before 1.7.3 for Node.js allows command injection. An attacker can inject unescaped shell metacharacters through a regex designed to support Windows drive letters. If the output of this package is passed to a real shell as a quoted argument to a command with exec(), an attacker can inject arbitrary commands. This is because the Windows drive letter regex character class is [A-z] instead of the correct [A-Za-z]. Several shell metacharacters exist in the space between capital letter Z and lower case letter a, such as the backtick character.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.7.2"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "shell-quote"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.6.3"
},
{
"fixed": "1.7.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-42740"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-21T20:08:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-21T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The shell-quote package before 1.7.3 for Node.js allows command injection. An attacker can inject unescaped shell metacharacters through a regex designed to support Windows drive letters. If the output of this package is passed to a real shell as a quoted argument to a command with `exec()`, an attacker can inject arbitrary commands. This is because the Windows drive letter regex character class is `[A-z]` instead of the correct `[A-Za-z]`. Several shell metacharacters exist in the space between capital letter Z and lower case letter a, such as the backtick character.",
"id": "GHSA-g4rg-993r-mgx7",
"modified": "2025-09-10T17:27:08Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:18:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-42740"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/commit/5799416ed454aa4ec9afafc895b4e31760ea1abe"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#173"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/shell-quote"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command in Shell-quote"
}
GHSA-G4W6-C99W-4WH7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-28 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-27 16:40The Node.js package browserstack-local 1.5.8 contains a command injection vulnerability. This occurs because the logfile variable is not properly sanitized in lib/Local.js.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.5.8"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "browserstack-local"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-57283"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-29T15:46:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-28T16:16:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Node.js package browserstack-local 1.5.8 contains a command injection vulnerability. This occurs because the logfile variable is not properly sanitized in lib/Local.js.",
"id": "GHSA-g4w6-c99w-4wh7",
"modified": "2026-02-27T16:40:19Z",
"published": "2026-01-28T18:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-57283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/browserstack/browserstack-local-nodejs/issues/168"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/Dremig/b639c61541dd1482007dc7a5cd7fefb1"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/browserstack/browserstack-local-nodejs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "BrowserStack Local vulnerable to Command Injection through logfile variable"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.