Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-798
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of Hard-coded Credentials
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product contains hard-coded credentials, such as a password or cryptographic key.
2336 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-1958 (GCVE-0-2026-1958)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-23 12:40 – Updated: 2026-03-23 15:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hard-coded passwords in KlinikaXP
Summary
Use of hard-coded credentials in Klinika XP and KlinikaXP Insertino allowed an unauthorized attacker access to several internal services. Critically, this included access to the FTP server that hosted the application's update packages. The attacker with these credentials could upload a malicious update file, which then may have been distributed and installed on client machines as a legitimate update.
This issue affects KlinikaXP: before 5.39.01.01. and KlinikaXP Insertino before 3.1.0.1
Beside removing the hardcoded credentials from the code, previously exposed credentials were also rotated preventing further attack attempts.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-23 15:17 UTC
CWE
- CWE-798 - Use of Hard-coded Credentials
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://cert.pl/posts/2026/03/CVE-2026-1958 | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.klinikaxp.pl/ | product |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRI | KlinikaXP Insertino |
Affected:
0 , < 3.1.0.1
(semver)
|
|
| BRI | KlinikaXP |
Affected:
0 , < 5.39.01.01
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-1612 (GCVE-0-2026-1612)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-30 09:56 – Updated: 2026-04-13 07:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hard-coded AWS Key in AL-KO Robolinho Update Software
Summary
AL-KO Robolinho Update Software has hard-coded AWS Access and Secret keys that allow anyone to access AL-KO's AWS bucket. Using the keys directly might give the attacker greater access than the app itself. Key grants AT LEAST read access to some of the objects in bucket.
The vendor was notified early about this vulnerability, but didn't respond with the details of vulnerability or vulnerable version range. Only versions 8.0.21.0610 and 8.0.22.0524 were tested and confirmed as vulnerable, other versions were not tested and might also be vulnerable.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-30 13:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-798 - Use of Hard-coded Credentials
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AL-KO | Robolinho Update Software |
Affected:
8.0.21.0610
(custom)
Affected: 8.0.22.0524 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-1610 (GCVE-0-2026-1610)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-29 19:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 09:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Tenda AX12 Pro V2 Telnet Service hard-coded credentials
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Tenda AX12 Pro V2 16.03.49.24_cn. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component Telnet Service. Performing a manipulation results in hard-coded credentials. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. A high degree of complexity is needed for the attack. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-29 20:32 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.343378 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.343378 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.740766 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/QIU-DIE/CVE/issues/49 | broken-linkexploitissue-tracking |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tenda | AX12 Pro V2 |
Affected:
16.03.49.24_cn
|
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CVE-2026-1233 (GCVE-0-2026-1233)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-04 11:16 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Text to Speech (TTS) by Mementor <= 1.9.8 - Use of Hardcoded Password to Unauthenticated Remote Database Access
Summary
The Text to Speech for WP (AI Voices by Mementor) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to sensitive information exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.9.8. This is due to the plugin containing hardcoded MySQL database credentials for the vendor's external telemetry server in the `Mementor_TTS_Remote_Telemetry` class. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract and decode these credentials, gaining unauthorized write access to the vendor's telemetry database.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-06 15:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-798 - Use of Hard-coded Credentials
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mvirik | Text to Speech – TTSWP |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.9.8
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-1221 (GCVE-0-2026-1221)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-20 06:25 – Updated: 2026-01-20 20:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
BROWAN COMMUNICATIONS ｜PrismX MX100 AP controller - Use of Hard-coded Credentials
Summary
PrismX MX100 AP controller developed by BROWAN COMMUNICATIONS has a Use of Hard-coded Credentials vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to log in to the database using hardcoded database credentials stored in the firmware.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-20 20:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-798 - Use of Hard-coded Credentials
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10642-3b808-1.html | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10643-2f8d7-2.html | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BROWAN COMMUNICATIONS | PrismX MX100 AP controller |
Affected:
0 , < 1.03.23.01
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-01-20 06:12
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GCVE-1988-2026-0169
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:35 – Updated: 2026-09-07 13:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[0day-rubbish] StreamSets DataCollector 6.4.1 (official Docker image) Default credentials plus unsandboxed Shell Executor to root RCE (9.8)
Summary
0day Rubbish Research Team is publicly disclosing a vulnerability in StreamSets DataCollector 6.4.1 (official Docker
image).
Type: Default credentials plus unsandboxed Shell Executor to root RCE (CWE-798)
CVSS: 9.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
Impact: Remote code execution as root on the DataCollector host or container, exposing pipeline data, credentials, and
connected systems.
Authentication: unauthenticated / pre-auth
Full technical analysis and a reproducible proof-of-concept:
https://0day-rubbish.com/blog/streamsets-datacollector-default-creds-shell-executor-root-rce
Project archive (ongoing disclosure series):
https://github.com/Exploit-Garbage/0day-Rubbish
Vendor has been notified. CVE ID is pending.
--
0day Rubbish Research Team
disclosure () 0day-rubbish com
https://0day-rubbish.com
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | StreamSets DataCollector |
Affected:
unknown
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GCVE-1988-2026-0070
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-07 13:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[0day-rubbish] Vocia MS-1 Firmware 1.2.27 Pre-authentication RCE (hardcoded credentials + supervisor execution) (9.8)
Summary
TO: fulldisclosure () seclists org
SUBJECT: [0day-rubbish] Vocia MS-1 Firmware 1.2.27 Pre-authentication RCE (hardcoded credentials + supervisor
execution) (9.8)
FROM: disclosure () 0day-rubbish com
----BODY----
0day Rubbish Research Team is publicly disclosing a vulnerability in Vocia MS-1 Firmware 1.2.27.
Type: Pre-authentication RCE (hardcoded credentials + supervisor execution) (CWE-798)
CVSS: 9.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
Impact: Unauthenticated root code execution on the device; full control of public-address and intercom infrastructure
in transportation hubs, government buildings, schools, and hospitals.
Authentication: unauthenticated / pre-auth
Full technical analysis and a reproducible proof-of-concept:
https://0day-rubbish.com/blog/biamp-vocia-ftps-root
Project archive (ongoing disclosure series):
https://github.com/Exploit-Garbage/0day-Rubbish
Vendor has been notified. CVE ID is pending.
--
0day Rubbish Research Team
disclosure () 0day-rubbish com
https://0day-rubbish.com
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | Vocia MS-1 Firmware |
Affected:
unknown
|
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GCVE-1988-2026-0017
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-07 13:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[NotCVE-2026-0012] EmpManageX Hardcoded Administrative Credentials in Login API Allow Full Access to Employee Records
Summary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NotCVE Advisory — NotCVE-2026-0012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[-] Summary:
kamalpanse18 EmpManageX, a Flask-based employee management application,
ships hard-coded administrative credentials in its authentication logic.
The username admin and the plaintext password admin123 are module-level
constants in app.py, compared directly against the values submitted to the
/api/login handler. An attacker who can reach the listener authenticates as
the sole administrator and obtains full read and write control of every
employee record. The credentials are not a guessable secret: the project's
own README.md and QUICK_START.md state them openly. As shipped the server
binds to 127.0.0.1 only, so the default exposure is local; a deployer who
binds an external interface makes the same defect remotely reachable.
CVSS:3.1 7.7 (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N).
[-] Affected:
kamalpanse18 EmpManageX, all versions (app.py).
The repository has a single commit, f4de83b, dated 2025-12-31, and no
tagged releases. No fixed version is currently verified.
[-] Technical Description:
ADMIN_USERNAME and ADMIN_PASSWORD are assigned at lines 17-18 of app.py and
compared directly against the submitted values in the /api/login handler.
The credential pair is a source-level constant with no configuration
mechanism behind it: app.py contains no use of os.environ or os.getenv, no
configuration file, no first-run setup step and no password-change
endpoint. The only supported way to alter the administrator password is to
edit the source and restart the process, and that change is lost whenever
the deployment is refreshed from the upstream repository. The same value is
therefore present in every unmodified deployment, and because README.md and
QUICK_START.md state it openly it is a published constant rather than a
guessable secret.
A successful call to /api/login sets session['logged_in'], which is the
only condition tested by the login_required decorator. No further
authorisation check is performed, so the caller obtains the entire
protected surface: POST /api/employee (create), GET /api/employees and
GET /api/employee/<int:emp_id> (read all stored employee data),
PUT /api/employee/<int:emp_id> (modify) and
DELETE /api/employee/<int:emp_id> (delete). On a match the handler sets
session['user_id'], session['username'] and session['logged_in'] and
returns a signed session cookie marked permanent with a 24-hour lifetime,
which the caller can replay against the protected endpoints.
The entry point is app.run(debug=True, port=5000), which passes no host
argument and therefore binds the Werkzeug development server to 127.0.0.1
only; README.md, SETUP_GUIDE.md and QUICK_START.md all direct the user to
http://127.0.0.1:5000. In the configuration as shipped the endpoint is
reachable only from the local host, which is what the CVSS vector above
reflects. A deployer who binds 0.0.0.0 or places the application behind a
reverse proxy makes the same defect remotely reachable.
SETUP_GUIDE.md carries a "Security Recommendations for Production" section
suggesting that the credentials be read from environment variables, but
that guidance is not implemented in the shipped app.py, and the example it
gives retains admin/admin123 as the fallback default.
The step-by-step attack path and the full write-up are published at the
advisory URL below.
Weaknesses:
CWE-798: Use of Hard-coded Credentials
CWE-1392: Use of Default Credentials
CWE-256: Plaintext Storage of a Password
CAPEC-70: Try Common or Default Usernames and Passwords
[-] Timeline:
[29/07/2026] - Report received and NotCVE ID reserved.
[20/08/2026] - Published as NotCVE-2026-0012.
[-] Credit:
Discovered by netspacer1124.
[-] Full Details and Updates:
https://notcve.org/notcve/NotCVE-2026-0012
[-] References:
https://github.com/kamalpanse18/EmpManageX
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kamalpanse18/EmpManageX/main/app.py
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kamalpanse18/EmpManageX/main/README.md
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kamalpanse18/EmpManageX/main/QUICK_START.md
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kamalpanse18/EmpManageX/main/SETUP_GUIDE.md
https://github.com/kamalpanse18/EmpManageX/commits/main/app.py
[-] About NotCVE:
NotCVE (https://notcve.org) assigns public, timestamped NotCVE IDs to
vulnerabilities not acknowledged by vendors. Vendor will not assign a CVE?
Request a NotCVE: https://notcve.org/form/ · Contributors:
https://notcve.org/hall/
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
15 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | EmpManageX Hardcoded Administrative |
Affected:
unknown
|
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GCVE-1988-2026-0016
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 09:21 – Updated: 2026-09-07 09:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Silent;Call — Pre-Authentication Remote Root in Cisco CUCM 15.x (SKYLINE-2026-001/002/003)
Summary
## Advisory Information
- Advisory IDs: SKYLINE-2026-001, SKYLINE-2026-002, SKYLINE-2026-003
- Title: Pre-Authentication Remote Root via Tomcat Manager Header Injection + Hardcoded Credentials
- CVSSv3.1: 10.0 (Critical) — AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
- CWE: CWE-798, CWE-644, CWE-269
- Product: Cisco Unified Communications Manager 15.0.1.12900-234
- Vendor: Cisco Systems, Inc.
- Public Disclosure: 2026-08-04
- Researcher: 0xReadingSteiner (0xReadingSteiner () proton me)
## Summary
A pre-authentication remote code execution chain in Cisco CUCM 15.x
allows an unauthenticated network attacker to achieve root-level access
in three HTTP requests.
The chain exploits:
1. RemoteIpValve misconfiguration — accepts X-Forwarded-For from any
source without internalProxies restriction, allowing IP spoofing
as 127.0.0.1
2. Hardcoded Tomcat Manager credentials — identical on every CUCM 15.x
installation (username: 1mJdd4WKi+ / password: 1ge1AVWsx~), not
configurable by administrators
3. Unrestricted sudo for the tomcat user — passwordless gdb with an
attacker-controlled command file in /tmp, plus three additional
independent root escalation paths (systemctl, PYTHONPATH, LD_PRELOAD)
## Impact
Root access to CUCM grants: interception of all voice communications
via SRTP key extraction, silent activation of built-in CALEA-compliant
lawful intercept wiretapping, access to all voicemail, complete CDR
exfiltration, call routing manipulation, E911 disruption, and lateral
movement into the voice VLAN.
CUCM is deployed in Fortune 500 companies, US federal agencies, the
Department of Defense, hospitals, financial institutions, law
enforcement, and telecommunications providers worldwide.
## Quick Test
curl -sk -H "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1" \
-u '1mJdd4WKi+:1ge1AVWsx~' \
"https://TARGET:443/manager/text/list";
If the response begins with "OK - Listed applications for virtual
host [localhost]" — the system is vulnerable.
## Vendor Coordination
- 17 CUCM submissions to ZDI — unprocessed
- SSD paused CUCM acquisitions (Cisco won't fix existing reports)
- Cisco PSIRT contacted 2026-08-04 — no response
- MITRE CVE IDs requested (CNA of Last Resort) — pending
This is advisory 1 of 55 identified vulnerabilities in CUCM 15.x.
## References
Full advisory: https://github.com/0xReadingSteiner/Silent-Call
PoC script: https://github.com/0xReadingSteiner/Silent-Call/blob/main/poc.sh
Master index: https://github.com/0xReadingSteiner/cisco-security-research
## Disclosure Statement
This research was conducted independently on commercially available
software in a private laboratory. No proprietary source code, internal
tools, or confidential information was used. Coordination was attempted
through three independent channels before publication.
Additional findings will be published on a rolling basis.
0xReadingSteiner
0xReadingSteiner@proton.mePGP: D5E22255F645A8B935056C278C0958C5D533080A
Sent with [Proton Mail](https://proton.me/mail/home) secure email.
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
9 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | Silent;Call — Pre-Authentication |
Affected:
unknown
|
Relationships
analysis
GCVE-1988-2026-0016 (this record)
- possibly related SKYLINE-2026-001
- possibly related SKYLINE-2026-002
- possibly related SKYLINE-2026-003
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CVE-2025-71317 (GCVE-0-2025-71317)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-05 17:49 – Updated: 2026-06-05 19:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NetMan 204 Hard-coded Backdoor Credentials
Summary
NetMan 204 contains a hard-coded backdoor account with the username and password 'eurek' that grants administrative access. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can authenticate through the cgi-bin/login.cgi endpoint (for example /cgi-bin/login.cgi?username=eurek&password=eurek, which due to lax parameter validation can be shortened to /cgi-bin/login.cgi?username=eurek%20eurek) to obtain administrator privileges, allowing them to alter device configuration, enable the telnet/SSH services, and reset local user credentials.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-05 19:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-798 - Use of Hard-coded Credentials
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/52183 | exploit |
| https://www.riello-ups.com/downloads/25-netman-204 | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/netman-204-h… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Riello UPS | NetMan 204 |
Affected:
0
|
Date Public
2025-02-04 00:00
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"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
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"vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
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"cvssV3_1": {
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"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
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"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
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"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-798",
"description": "Use of Hard-coded Credentials",
"lang": "en",
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"orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
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"references": [
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/52183"
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{
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"url": "https://www.riello-ups.com/downloads/25-netman-204"
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{
"name": "VulnCheck Advisory: NetMan 204 Hard-coded Backdoor Credentials",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/netman-204-hard-coded-backdoor-credentials"
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],
"title": "NetMan 204 Hard-coded Backdoor Credentials",
"x_generator": {
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"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
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"cveId": "CVE-2025-71317",
"datePublished": "2026-06-05T17:49:50.474Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-06-05T16:56:46.183Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-06-05T19:35:30.991Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For outbound authentication: store passwords, keys, and other credentials outside of the code in a strongly-protected, encrypted configuration file or database that is protected from access by all outsiders, including other local users on the same system. Properly protect the key (CWE-320). If you cannot use encryption to protect the file, then make sure that the permissions are as restrictive as possible [REF-7].
- In Windows environments, the Encrypted File System (EFS) may provide some protection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
For inbound authentication: Rather than hard-code a default username and password, key, or other authentication credentials for first time logins, utilize a "first login" mode that requires the user to enter a unique strong password or key.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
If the product must contain hard-coded credentials or they cannot be removed, perform access control checks and limit which entities can access the feature that requires the hard-coded credentials. For example, a feature might only be enabled through the system console instead of through a network connection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For inbound authentication using passwords: apply strong one-way hashes to passwords and store those hashes in a configuration file or database with appropriate access control. That way, theft of the file/database still requires the attacker to try to crack the password. When handling an incoming password during authentication, take the hash of the password and compare it to the saved hash.
- Use randomly assigned salts for each separate hash that is generated. This increases the amount of computation that an attacker needs to conduct a brute-force attack, possibly limiting the effectiveness of the rainbow table method.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For front-end to back-end connections: Three solutions are possible, although none are complete.
- The first suggestion involves the use of generated passwords or keys that are changed automatically and must be entered at given time intervals by a system administrator. These passwords will be held in memory and only be valid for the time intervals.
- Next, the passwords or keys should be limited at the back end to only performing actions valid for the front end, as opposed to having full access.
- Finally, the messages sent should be tagged and checksummed with time sensitive values so as to prevent replay-style attacks.
CAPEC-191: Read Sensitive Constants Within an Executable
An adversary engages in activities to discover any sensitive constants present within the compiled code of an executable. These constants may include literal ASCII strings within the file itself, or possibly strings hard-coded into particular routines that can be revealed by code refactoring methods including static and dynamic analysis.
CAPEC-70: Try Common or Default Usernames and Passwords
An adversary may try certain common or default usernames and passwords to gain access into the system and perform unauthorized actions. An adversary may try an intelligent brute force using empty passwords, known vendor default credentials, as well as a dictionary of common usernames and passwords. Many vendor products come preconfigured with default (and thus well-known) usernames and passwords that should be deleted prior to usage in a production environment. It is a common mistake to forget to remove these default login credentials. Another problem is that users would pick very simple (common) passwords (e.g. "secret" or "password") that make it easier for the attacker to gain access to the system compared to using a brute force attack or even a dictionary attack using a full dictionary.