Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-829
Weakness AllowedInclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product imports, requires, or includes executable functionality (such as a library) from a source that is outside of the intended control sphere.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Modes of introduction
Implementation
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Forced Path Execution
Monitored Virtual Environment - run potentially malicious code in sandbox / wrapper / virtual machine, see if it does anything suspicious
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Attack Modeling
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Other
When including third-party functionality, such as a web widget, library, or other source of functionality, the product must effectively trust that functionality. Without sufficient protection mechanisms, the functionality could be malicious in nature (either by coming from an untrusted source, being spoofed, or being modified in transit from a trusted source). The functionality might also contain its own weaknesses, or grant access to additional functionality and state information that should be kept private to the base system, such as system state information, sensitive application data, or the DOM of a web application.
Content history
Submission: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-11-29
· CWE 1.11
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-09-13
· CWE 2.1
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Demonstrative_Examples, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Detection_Factors
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-01-19
· CWE 2.10
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-05-03
· CWE 2.11
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships, Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Potential_Mitigations, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated References, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Description, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Other_Notes, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-01-21
· CWE 4.19.1
updated Relationships
593 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-123019 (GCVE-0-2026-123019)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 12:00 – Updated: 2026-11-05 20:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
eosphoros-ai DB-GPT HuggingFace Adapter hf_adapter.py exec_module inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere
Summary
A weakness has been identified in eosphoros-ai DB-GPT up to 0.8.2. Impacted is the function exec_module of the file hf_adapter.py of the component HuggingFace Adapter. Executing a manipulation of the argument trust_remote_code can lead to inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 20:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431393 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431393/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123019 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033097 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/eosphoros-ai/DB-GPT/issues/3290 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/ybyu-ieu/agent-security-adviso… | exploit |
| https://github.com/eosphoros-ai/DB-GPT/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| eosphoros-ai | DB-GPT |
Affected:
0.8.0
Affected: 0.8.1 Affected: 0.8.2 cpe:2.3:a:eosphoros-ai:db-gpt:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-122160 (GCVE-0-2026-122160)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 02:30 – Updated: 2026-11-05 20:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
myshell-ai AIlice HuggingFace Model Wrapper AModelCausalLM.py LoadModel_PEFT inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in myshell-ai AIlice up to 0.4.0. This vulnerability affects the function LoadModel_PEFT of the file ailice/core/llm/AModelCausalLM.py of the component HuggingFace Model Wrapper. The manipulation of the argument base_model_name_or_path leads to inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 20:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431160 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431160/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-122160 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1028200 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/myshell-ai/AIlice/issues/77 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/user-attachments/files/3339233… | exploit |
| https://github.com/myshell-ai/AIlice/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| myshell-ai | AIlice |
Affected:
0.1
Affected: 0.2 Affected: 0.3 Affected: 0.4.0 cpe:2.3:a:myshell-ai:ailice:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-122135 (GCVE-0-2026-122135)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 20:36 – Updated: 2026-11-09 16:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mistral Vibe before 3.0.3 RCE via Repository-Configured gpg.program
Summary
Mistral Vibe before 3.0.3 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers to run commands by abusing repository-configured gpg.program during project context collection. A crafted repository setting gpg.program and log.showSignature with a signed commit makes git log execute the attacker's program at session start, before any trust prompt.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 16:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/commit/… | patch |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe | product |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/blob/v3… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/release… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/blob/v3… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/mistral-vibe… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mistralai | mistral-vibe |
Affected:
0 , < 3.0.3
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-10-26 00:00
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CVE-2026-122134 (GCVE-0-2026-122134)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 20:36 – Updated: 2026-11-09 16:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mistral Vibe before 2.25.7 Code Execution via Git Filter Drivers
Summary
Mistral Vibe before 2.25.7 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers to run commands by configuring malicious Git clean or process filter drivers in a repository. When a user opens a crafted repository, ProjectContextProvider._fetch_git_status runs git status at startup, invoking the filters and executing commands with user privileges before any trust prompt.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 16:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/commit/… | patch |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe | product |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/blob/v2… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/release… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/blob/v2… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/mistral-vibe… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mistralai | mistral-vibe |
Affected:
0 , < 2.25.7
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-09-22 00:00
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CVE-2026-118762 (GCVE-0-2026-118762)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 16:50 – Updated: 2026-11-04 01:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Monkeytype: fork PR can execute code with elevated GITHUB_TOKEN
Summary
Monkeytype is a minimalistic and customizable typing test. Prior to 26.43.0, the .github/workflows/fix-formatting.yml workflow runs on pull_request_target with repository write permissions, checks out a fork pull request, installs dependencies from the fork's package.json, and invokes the fork-controlled oxfmt binary. Because actions/checkout persists the elevated GITHUB_TOKEN in Git configuration until after untrusted code executes, an external contributor whose pull request receives the format label can run arbitrary code, read or exfiltrate the token, and push repository content or modify pull requests and issues. The issue affects the repository CI workflow, not the Monkeytype application or user data. This issue is fixed in version 26.43.0.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 01:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/monkeytypegame/monkeytype/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/monkeytypegame/monkeytype/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/monkeytypegame/monkeytype/rele… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| monkeytypegame | monkeytype |
Affected:
< 26.43.0
|
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CVE-2026-116843 (GCVE-0-2026-116843)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 00:34 – Updated: 2026-11-02 18:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mistral Vibe before 3.0.3 RCE via Git Filter Drivers in Worktree Mode
Summary
Mistral Vibe before 3.0.3 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers to run commands by defining git filter drivers in an untrusted repository's .git/config. When started with --worktree, git worktree add applies .gitattributes and runs filter smudge, clean, or process commands before the trusted-folder check, executing attacker commands with user privileges.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 18:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/issues/997 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/commit/… | patch |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/release… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-vibe/blob/v2… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/mistral-vibe… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mistralai | mistral-vibe |
Affected:
0 , < 3.0.3
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-08-12 00:00
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CVE-2026-115802 (GCVE-0-2026-115802)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-24 06:30 – Updated: 2026-10-29 14:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
InternScience InternAgent LoRA Loading experiment.py train inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere
Summary
A weakness has been identified in InternScience InternAgent 1.5.0. This affects the function train of the file tasks/AutoChem/code/experiment.py of the component LoRA Loading. This manipulation of the argument base_model_name_or_path causes inclusion of functionality from untrusted control sphere. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 14:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/425984 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/425984/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-115802 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1022289 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/InternScience/InternAgent/issues/30 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/user-attachments/files/3326056… | exploit |
| https://github.com/InternScience/InternAgent/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| InternScience | InternAgent |
Affected:
1.5.0
cpe:2.3:a:internscience:internagent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-114727 (GCVE-0-2026-114727)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 01:59 – Updated: 2026-11-02 15:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Roundcube Webmail before 1.6.20 and 1.7.x before 1.7.5 passes potentially unsafe content into ImageMagick when resizing images. SVG and EPS were accepted as valid image types for contact photo upload and conversion, and both formats can reference external resources and invoke ImageMagick delegates when processed. Upstream fixed this in the commit “Fix passing potentally unsafe attachment content into ImageMagick on image resize”, which removes svg and eps from the accepted types.
Severity
8.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 15:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugs.debian.org/1151279 | issue-trackingthird-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/commit… | patch |
| https://roundcube.net/news/2026/10/19/security-up… | vendor-advisoryrelease-notes |
| https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/releas… | release-notespatch |
| https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/releas… | release-notespatch |
| https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/commit… | patch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-114488 (GCVE-0-2026-114488)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 06:07 – Updated: 2026-11-06 17:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wildfly: wildfly-iiop: wildfly-ejb3: wildfly: authentication bypass on iiop ejb invocations as csiv2 ittprincipalname accepted without transport binding
Summary
A flaw was found in Wildfly. A remote attacker can bypass authentication on IIOP EJB invocations as the CSIv2 security interceptor accepts ITTPrincipalName identity assertions in the service context without verifying transport-level authentication, allowing a pre-auth attacker on the port 3528 to impersonate any principal on every IIOP-exposed @Remote EJB.
Severity
7.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 20:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:95887 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-114488 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2491619 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8.1 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8.1
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Fuse 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack |
cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7
|
Date Public
2026-10-27 00:00
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"value": "To mitigate this vulnerability without modifying binaries, apply one or more of the following operational and configuration controls:\n\n1. Maintain or revert caller propagation to the default \u0027none\u0027 setting in the IIOP subsystem configuration:\nRun the following management CLI command:\n`/subsystem=iiop-openjdk:write-attribute(name=caller-propagation,value=none)`\nEnsure that application deployment descriptors (such as jboss-ejb3.xml) do not explicitly override caller propagation to \u0027supported\u0027.\n\n2. Restrict network reachability:\nBlock external access to the CORBA/IIOP port (default TCP port 3528) using firewall rules, or restrict access strictly to trusted application networks:\n`firewall-cmd --remove-port=3528/tcp --permanent \u0026\u0026 firewall-cmd --reload`\n\n3. Enforce transport-level security:\nIf caller propagation is required for your architecture, configure the IIOP subsystem to require SSL/TLS with client certificate authentication by setting `server-requires-ssl=\"true\"`, or enforce mandatory authentication via the `as-context` configuration.\n\nCaveats:\nDisabling caller propagation prevents client security identity forwarding across remote IIOP EJB calls, which may impact applications relying on distributed identity propagation. Restricting firewall access will prevent external clients outside authorized networks from connecting to IIOP services.\n\nWarning:\nApplying configuration changes via the JBoss management CLI requires reloading the runtime service (`:reload`), which will temporarily interrupt active client connections."
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"datePublished": "2026-10-29T06:07:33.732Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-21T15:33:52.420Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-06T17:27:36.061Z",
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CVE-2026-114134 (GCVE-0-2026-114134)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 20:22 – Updated: 2026-11-09 17:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Black: GitHub Action installs unvalidated required-version from pyproject.toml
Summary
Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter. Prior to 26.10.1, the Black GitHub Action with use_pyproject: true accepts tool.black.required-version from pyproject.toml without validating that it is a released Black version specifier. An attacker who can submit a pull request can change that field to a direct reference to attacker-controlled code, causing the workflow to install and execute the code in the victim repository's GitHub Actions context. This issue is fixed in version 26.10.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 17:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/psf/black/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/psf/black/pull/5510 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/psf/black/commit/ac1f71563aecc… | x_refsource_MISC |
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many file inclusion problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, especially for cookies and URL components.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-175: Code Inclusion
An adversary exploits a weakness on the target to force arbitrary code to be retrieved locally or from a remote location and executed. This differs from code injection in that code injection involves the direct inclusion of code while code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-201: Serialized Data External Linking
An adversary creates a serialized data file (e.g. XML, YAML, etc...) that contains an external data reference. Because serialized data parsers may not validate documents with external references, there may be no checks on the nature of the reference in the external data. This can allow an adversary to open arbitrary files or connections, which may further lead to the adversary gaining access to information on the system that they would normally be unable to obtain.
CAPEC-228: DTD Injection
An attacker injects malicious content into an application's DTD in an attempt to produce a negative technical impact. DTDs are used to describe how XML documents are processed. Certain malformed DTDs (for example, those with excessive entity expansion as described in CAPEC 197) can cause the XML parsers that process the DTDs to consume excessive resources resulting in resource depletion.
CAPEC-251: Local Code Inclusion
The attacker forces an application to load arbitrary code files from the local machine. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of library files that have known vulnerabilities, to load files that the attacker placed on the local machine during a prior attack, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.
CAPEC-252: PHP Local File Inclusion
The attacker loads and executes an arbitrary local PHP file on a target machine. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of PHP files that have known vulnerabilities, to load PHP files that the attacker placed on the local machine during a prior attack, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.
CAPEC-253: Remote Code Inclusion
The attacker forces an application to load arbitrary code files from a remote location. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of library files that have known vulnerabilities, to load malicious files that the attacker placed on the remote machine, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.
CAPEC-263: Force Use of Corrupted Files
This describes an attack where an application is forced to use a file that an attacker has corrupted. The result is often a denial of service caused by the application being unable to process the corrupted file, but other results, including the disabling of filters or access controls (if the application fails in an unsafe way rather than failing by locking down) or buffer overflows are possible.
CAPEC-538: Open-Source Library Manipulation
Adversaries implant malicious code in open source software (OSS) libraries to have it widely distributed, as OSS is commonly downloaded by developers and other users to incorporate into software development projects. The adversary can have a particular system in mind to target, or the implantation can be the first stage of follow-on attacks on many systems.
CAPEC-549: Local Execution of Code
An adversary installs and executes malicious code on the target system in an effort to achieve a negative technical impact. Examples include rootkits, ransomware, spyware, adware, and others.
CAPEC-640: Inclusion of Code in Existing Process
The adversary takes advantage of a bug in an application failing to verify the integrity of the running process to execute arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. The adversary could use running code in the context of another process to try to access process's memory, system/network resources, etc. The goal of this attack is to evade detection defenses and escalate privileges by masking the malicious code under an existing legitimate process. Examples of approaches include but not limited to: dynamic-link library (DLL) injection, portable executable injection, thread execution hijacking, ptrace system calls, VDSO hijacking, function hooking, reflective code loading, and more.
CAPEC-660: Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking
An adversary forces a non-restricted mobile application to load arbitrary code or code files, via Hooking, with the goal of evading Root/Jailbreak detection. Mobile device users often Root/Jailbreak their devices in order to gain administrative control over the mobile operating system and/or to install third-party mobile applications that are not provided by authorized application stores (e.g. Google Play Store and Apple App Store). Adversaries may further leverage these capabilities to escalate privileges or bypass access control on legitimate applications. Although many mobile applications check if a mobile device is Rooted/Jailbroken prior to authorized use of the application, adversaries may be able to "hook" code in order to circumvent these checks. Successfully evading Root/Jailbreak detection allows an adversary to execute administrative commands, obtain confidential data, impersonate legitimate users of the application, and more.
CAPEC-695: Repo Jacking
An adversary takes advantage of the redirect property of directly linked Version Control System (VCS) repositories to trick users into incorporating malicious code into their applications.
CAPEC-698: Install Malicious Extension
An adversary directly installs or tricks a user into installing a malicious extension into existing trusted software, with the goal of achieving a variety of negative technical impacts.