CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14808 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PMW6-G53R-V83Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-26 12:41 – Updated: 2024-11-26 12:41The Hustle – Email Marketing, Lead Generation, Optins, Popups plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the preview_module() function in all versions up to, and including, 7.8.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to view unpublished forms.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-26T11:21:58Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Hustle \u2013 Email Marketing, Lead Generation, Optins, Popups plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the preview_module() function in all versions up to, and including, 7.8.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to view unpublished forms.",
"id": "GHSA-pmw6-g53r-v83q",
"modified": "2024-11-26T12:41:36Z",
"published": "2024-11-26T12:41:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wordpress-popup/tags/7.8.5/inc/hustle-modules-common-admin-ajax.php#L189"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wordpress-popup/trunk/inc/hustle-modules-common-admin-ajax.php#L189"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ebd96d9c-c1ab-4a53-a52a-9fc2541482f2?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PP2R-P867-HJ9H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-09 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-09 21:31The Newsmatic theme for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.0 via the 'newsmatic_filter_posts_load_tab_content'. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view draft posts and post content.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1587"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-09T19:15:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Newsmatic theme for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.0 via the \u0027newsmatic_filter_posts_load_tab_content\u0027. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view draft posts and post content.",
"id": "GHSA-pp2r-p867-hj9h",
"modified": "2024-04-09T21:31:58Z",
"published": "2024-04-09T21:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1587"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://themes.trac.wordpress.org/browser/newsmatic/1.3.0/inc/template-functions.php#L634"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/bd2ea430-48ce-43c3-ba3d-8ef5f91460ce?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PP39-PQ9R-8CPP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-16 06:31 – Updated: 2026-07-16 06:31The Catch Themes Demo Import plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to, and including, 3.3. This is due to the catch_themes_demo_import_activate_plugin() function, hooked on admin_init when the activate_plugin GET parameter is present, calling Plugin_Upgrader::install() to download and install a plugin from WordPress.org before performing the current_user_can('activate_plugins') capability check. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to install the hardcoded 'essential-content-types' plugin from the WordPress.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-15336"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-16T04:17:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Catch Themes Demo Import plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to, and including, 3.3. This is due to the catch_themes_demo_import_activate_plugin() function, hooked on admin_init when the activate_plugin GET parameter is present, calling Plugin_Upgrader::install() to download and install a plugin from WordPress.org before performing the current_user_can(\u0027activate_plugins\u0027) capability check. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to install the hardcoded \u0027essential-content-types\u0027 plugin from the WordPress.",
"id": "GHSA-pp39-pq9r-8cpp",
"modified": "2026-07-16T06:31:27Z",
"published": "2026-07-16T06:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-15336"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L136"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L233"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L136"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L233"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=\u0026old=3604098%40catch-themes-demo-import\u0026new=3604098%40catch-themes-demo-import"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/12c7661c-0700-4370-9272-d8a19b17006e?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PP6J-MP38-QF6C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:11An issue in Dut Computer Control Engineering Co.'s PLC MAC1100 allows attackers to gain access to the system and escalate privileges via a crafted packet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-18753"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-13T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in Dut Computer Control Engineering Co.\u0027s PLC MAC1100 allows attackers to gain access to the system and escalate privileges via a crafted packet.",
"id": "GHSA-pp6j-mp38-qf6c",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:11:04Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:11:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-18753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Ni9htMar3/vulnerability/blob/master/PLC/DCCE/DCCE%20MAC1100%20PLC_start-stop.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-PP7P-6P72-CQXG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-06 18:33 – Updated: 2026-04-06 18:33Twitch Studio version 0.114.8 and prior contain a privilege escalation vulnerability in its privileged helper tool that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code as root by exploiting an unprotected XPC service. Attackers can invoke the installFromPath:toPath:withReply: method to overwrite system files and privileged binaries, achieving full system compromise. Twitch Studio was discontinued in May 2024.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-14032"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-06T16:16:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Twitch Studio version 0.114.8 and prior contain a privilege escalation vulnerability in its privileged helper tool that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code as root by exploiting an unprotected XPC service. Attackers can invoke the installFromPath:toPath:withReply: method to overwrite system files and privileged binaries, achieving full system compromise. Twitch Studio was discontinued in May 2024.",
"id": "GHSA-pp7p-6p72-cqxg",
"modified": "2026-04-06T18:33:04Z",
"published": "2026-04-06T18:33:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-14032"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.twitch.tv/s/article/recommended-software-for-broadcasting"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.twitch.tv/s/topic/0TO3a000000kZfYGAU/twitch-studio"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.iru.com/blog/twitch-privileged-helper"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/twitch-studio-launcherhelper-xpc-missing-authorization-to-root-file-write"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PP8P-HRMG-PJHX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-19 21:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in blazethemes News Kit Elementor Addons news-kit-elementor-addons allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects News Kit Elementor Addons: from n/a through <= 1.4.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25416"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T09:16:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in blazethemes News Kit Elementor Addons news-kit-elementor-addons allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects News Kit Elementor Addons: from n/a through \u003c= 1.4.2.",
"id": "GHSA-pp8p-hrmg-pjhx",
"modified": "2026-02-19T21:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-02-19T18:31:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25416"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/news-kit-elementor-addons/vulnerability/wordpress-news-kit-elementor-addons-plugin-1-4-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PP9C-HQCM-QHGM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-09 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in typps Calendarista Basic Edition.This issue affects Calendarista Basic Edition: from n/a through 3.0.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-30534"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-09T09:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in typps Calendarista Basic Edition.This issue affects Calendarista Basic Edition: from n/a through 3.0.5.",
"id": "GHSA-pp9c-hqcm-qhgm",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:31:48Z",
"published": "2024-06-09T09:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-30534"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/calendarista-basic-edition/vulnerability/wordpress-calendarista-basic-edition-plugin-3-0-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/calendarista-basic-edition/wordpress-calendarista-basic-edition-plugin-3-0-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PPJQ-H37F-8FWC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-09 12:30 – Updated: 2023-10-09 12:30Sensitive information disclosure and manipulation due to missing authorization. The following products are affected: Acronis Agent (Linux, macOS, Windows) before build 36497.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-45247"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-09T12:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sensitive information disclosure and manipulation due to missing authorization. The following products are affected: Acronis Agent (Linux, macOS, Windows) before build 36497.",
"id": "GHSA-ppjq-h37f-8fwc",
"modified": "2023-10-09T12:30:20Z",
"published": "2023-10-09T12:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-45247"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security-advisory.acronis.com/advisories/SEC-6600"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PPM4-R2VC-PG74
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-28 21:26 – Updated: 2024-05-28 21:26Background
SimpleSAMLphp 1.17 includes a preview of the new user interface to be included in the future version 2.0. This new user interface can be enabled by setting the usenewui configuration option to true, and it includes a new admin interface in a module called admin, which can be disabled.
Description
The new admin interface includes a way to view information about the host where SimpleSAMLphp is installed, by means of the phpinfo() PHP function. An endpoint that exposes the output of that function is included in the admin module for easier debugging.
The aforementioned endpoint had no checks for administrator privileges. This would allow any individual to access the given endpoint without authenticating, gathering information about the affected system.
Affected versions
All SimpleSAMLphp 1.17 versions up to 1.17.7 are affected, provided that the new, experimental use interface is enabled, together with the new admin module.
Impact
An attacker could leverage this issue by accessing the unprotected endpoint and gather intelligence about the host where SimpleSAMLphp is deployed, using it later for their own advantage in case other issues arise.
However, the impact of this issue is deemed as low, given that the new user interface must be explicitly enabled by means of the usenewui configuration option, and the new admin module must also be enabled.
Resolution
Upgrade to SimpleSAMLphp 1.17.8 or 1.18. This can be done by downloading the package, or by running composer update. Refer to the documentation for instructions on how to run composer.
Alternatively, the issue can be mitigated by either disabling the new user interface by setting the usenewui configuration option to false, or by disabling the admin module in the configuration:
'module.enable' => [
...
'admin' => false,
...
],
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.17.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.17.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-28T21:26:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Background\nSimpleSAMLphp 1.17 includes a preview of the new user interface to be included in the future version 2.0. This new user interface can be enabled by setting the usenewui configuration option to true, and it includes a new admin interface in a module called admin, which can be disabled.\n\n### Description\nThe new admin interface includes a way to view information about the host where SimpleSAMLphp is installed, by means of the phpinfo() PHP function. An endpoint that exposes the output of that function is included in the admin module for easier debugging.\n\nThe aforementioned endpoint had no checks for administrator privileges. This would allow any individual to access the given endpoint without authenticating, gathering information about the affected system.\n\n### Affected versions\nAll SimpleSAMLphp 1.17 versions up to 1.17.7 are affected, provided that the new, experimental use interface is enabled, together with the new admin module.\n\n### Impact\nAn attacker could leverage this issue by accessing the unprotected endpoint and gather intelligence about the host where SimpleSAMLphp is deployed, using it later for their own advantage in case other issues arise.\n\nHowever, the impact of this issue is deemed as low, given that the new user interface must be explicitly enabled by means of the usenewui configuration option, and the new admin module must also be enabled.\n\n### Resolution\nUpgrade to SimpleSAMLphp 1.17.8 or 1.18. This can be done by downloading the package, or by running composer update. Refer to the documentation for instructions on how to run composer.\n\nAlternatively, the issue can be mitigated by either disabling the new user interface by setting the usenewui configuration option to false, or by disabling the admin module in the configuration:\n```\n \u0027module.enable\u0027 =\u003e [\n ...\n \u0027admin\u0027 =\u003e false,\n ...\n ],\n```",
"id": "GHSA-ppm4-r2vc-pg74",
"modified": "2024-05-28T21:26:21Z",
"published": "2024-05-28T21:26:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp/commit/0e0d1f745f5491f9e848b1f3e6da198596bb8885"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp/2019-11-19.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://simplesamlphp.org/security/201911-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "SimpleSAMLphp Information Disclosure vulnerability"
}
GHSA-PPQC-83R5-8QRF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-13 21:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in bPlugins PDF Poster pdf-poster allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects PDF Poster: from n/a through <= 2.4.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32416"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:58Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in bPlugins PDF Poster pdf-poster allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects PDF Poster: from n/a through \u003c= 2.4.0.",
"id": "GHSA-ppqc-83r5-8qrf",
"modified": "2026-03-13T21:31:49Z",
"published": "2026-03-13T21:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32416"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/pdf-poster/vulnerability/wordpress-pdf-poster-plugin-2-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.