Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

15499 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3M6C-6C98-23QQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-28 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-02 21:31
VLAI
Details

The issue was addressed by restricting options offered on a locked device. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. An attacker with physical access can input Game Controller events to apps running on a locked device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-44265"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-28T21:15:07Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "The issue was addressed by restricting options offered on a locked device. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. An attacker with physical access can input Game Controller events to apps running on a locked device.",
  "id": "GHSA-3m6c-6c98-23qq",
  "modified": "2026-04-02T21:31:59Z",
  "published": "2024-10-28T21:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-44265"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121564"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121568"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121570"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Oct/11"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Oct/12"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Oct/13"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3M8W-2MVJ-9Q7J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Webcodin WCP Contact Form allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WCP Contact Form: from n/a through 3.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-32519"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Webcodin WCP Contact Form allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WCP Contact Form: from n/a through 3.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-3m8w-2mvj-9q7j",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
  "published": "2024-12-13T15:30:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32519"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wcp-contact-form/vulnerability/wordpress-wcp-contact-form-plugin-3-1-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3M8W-442M-3P2Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:00 – Updated: 2023-10-26 22:12
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins Artifactory Plugin missing permission check
Details

Jenkins Artifactory Plugin provides a list of applicable credential IDs to allow users configuring the plugin to select the one to use.

This functionality does not correctly check permissions, allowing any user with Overall/Read permission to get a list of valid credentials IDs. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.

As of publication of this advisory, no release containing a fix is available.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:artifactory"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-10323"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-10-26T22:12:46Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-05-31T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Jenkins Artifactory Plugin provides a list of applicable credential IDs to allow users configuring the plugin to select the one to use.\n\nThis functionality does not correctly check permissions, allowing any user with Overall/Read permission to get a list of valid credentials IDs. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.\n\nAs of publication of this advisory, no release containing a fix is available.",
  "id": "GHSA-3m8w-442m-3p2q",
  "modified": "2023-10-26T22:12:46Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T22:00:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10323"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-05-31/#SECURITY-1015%20(2)"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200227054747/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/108540"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2019-0846"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/05/31/2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Jenkins Artifactory Plugin missing permission check"
}

GHSA-3M95-WFXH-25XV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Blocksera Cryptocurrency Widgets Pack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Cryptocurrency Widgets Pack: from n/a through 2.0.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-31539"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T13:15:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Blocksera Cryptocurrency Widgets Pack allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Cryptocurrency Widgets Pack: from n/a through 2.0.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-3m95-wfxh-25xv",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:15Z",
  "published": "2025-03-31T15:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31539"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/cryptocurrency-widgets-pack/vulnerability/wordpress-cryptocurrency-widgets-pack-plugin-2-0-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3MC2-P59G-JPP4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-29 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-29 09:30
VLAI
Details

Improper Authorization Vulnerability of Maintenance Utility in Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform.

This issue affects Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform E390, E590, E790, E990, E1090, E390H, E590H, E790H, E1090H: before DKCMAIN Ver. 93-07-26-xx/00, GUM Ver. 93-07-26/00; Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform 5100, 5500, 5100H, 5500H, 5200, 5600, 5200H, 5600H: before DKCMAIN Ver. 90-09-27-00/00, GUM Ver. 90-09-27/00; Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform G130, G150, G350, G370, G700, G900, F350, F370, F700, F900: before DKCMAIN Ver. 88-08-16-xx/00, GUM Ver. 88-08-20/00.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-2902"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-29T07:16:23Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Improper Authorization Vulnerability of Maintenance Utility in Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform.\n\nThis issue affects Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform E390, E590, E790, E990, E1090, E390H, E590H, E790H, E1090H: before DKCMAIN Ver. 93-07-26-xx/00, GUM Ver. 93-07-26/00; Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform 5100, 5500, 5100H, 5500H, 5200, 5600, 5200H, 5600H: before DKCMAIN Ver. 90-09-27-00/00, GUM Ver. 90-09-27/00; Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform G130, G150, G350, G370, G700, G900, F350, F370, F700, F900: before DKCMAIN Ver. 88-08-16-xx/00, GUM Ver. 88-08-20/00.",
  "id": "GHSA-3mc2-p59g-jpp4",
  "modified": "2026-06-29T09:30:28Z",
  "published": "2026-06-29T09:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2902"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.hitachi.com/products/it/storage-solutions/sec_info/2026/2026_305.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3MCJ-H4Q6-5XGM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-19 12:31 – Updated: 2024-06-19 12:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Brainstorm Force Astra Bulk Edit.This issue affects Astra Bulk Edit: from n/a through 1.2.7.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-44148"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-19T12:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Brainstorm Force Astra Bulk Edit.This issue affects Astra Bulk Edit: from n/a through 1.2.7.",
  "id": "GHSA-3mcj-h4q6-5xgm",
  "modified": "2024-06-19T12:31:21Z",
  "published": "2024-06-19T12:31:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-44148"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/astra-bulk-edit/wordpress-astra-bulk-edit-plugin-1-2-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3MF6-3Q6Q-VQGR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-22 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-27 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in e-plugins Institutions Directory institutions-directory allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Institutions Directory: from n/a through <= 1.3.4.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-69184"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-22T17:16:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in e-plugins Institutions Directory institutions-directory allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Institutions Directory: from n/a through \u003c= 1.3.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-3mf6-3q6q-vqgr",
  "modified": "2026-01-27T21:31:42Z",
  "published": "2026-01-22T18:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69184"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/institutions-directory/vulnerability/wordpress-institutions-directory-plugin-1-3-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3MFH-M3CW-MJQ8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-04 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in blackandwhitedigital WP Genealogy – Your Family History Website allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WP Genealogy – Your Family History Website: from n/a through 0.1.9.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-32252"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-04T16:15:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in blackandwhitedigital WP Genealogy \u2013 Your Family History Website allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WP Genealogy \u2013 Your Family History Website: from n/a through 0.1.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-3mfh-m3cw-mjq8",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:32Z",
  "published": "2025-04-04T18:31:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32252"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wpgenealogy/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-genealogy-plugin-0-1-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3MFQ-FP2F-VWQH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-22 18:32 – Updated: 2025-08-08 21:15
VLAI
Summary
Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP Workflow Component Does Not Check User Permissions
Details

The workflow component in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.111, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.5, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.8, 7.4 GA through update 92 and 7.3 GA through update 36 does not properly check user permissions before updating a workflow definition, which allows remote authenticated users to modify workflow definitions and execute arbitrary code (RCE) via the headless API.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.3.2-ga3"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.4.3.112-ga112"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2023.Q4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2023.Q4.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2023.Q3.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2023.Q3.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.3-ga"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.3.10.u36"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.4-ga"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.4.13.u92"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-38002"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-08T21:15:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-22T15:15:06Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The workflow component in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.111, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.5, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.8, 7.4 GA through update 92 and 7.3 GA through update 36 does not properly check user permissions before updating a workflow definition, which allows remote authenticated users to modify workflow definitions and execute arbitrary code (RCE) via the headless API.",
  "id": "GHSA-3mfq-fp2f-vwqh",
  "modified": "2025-08-08T21:15:02Z",
  "published": "2024-10-22T18:32:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38002"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2024-38002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP Workflow Component Does Not Check User Permissions"
}

GHSA-3MFV-M4F8-5M67

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-25 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in ConveyThis ConveyThis conveythis-translate allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects ConveyThis: from n/a through <= 269.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-68021"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T16:22:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in ConveyThis ConveyThis conveythis-translate allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects ConveyThis: from n/a through \u003c= 269.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-3mfv-m4f8-5m67",
  "modified": "2026-02-25T21:31:17Z",
  "published": "2026-02-20T18:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68021"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/conveythis-translate/vulnerability/wordpress-conveythis-plugin-268-10-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.