Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-94

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.

8358 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-QXGQ-6J8M-J2XM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-12 15:30 – Updated: 2022-12-15 15:32
VLAI
Details

Vulnerabilities in ArubaOS running on 7xxx series controllers exist that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code during the boot sequence. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to achieve permanent modification of the underlying operating system.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-37905"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1236",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-12T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerabilities in ArubaOS running on 7xxx series controllers exist that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code during the boot sequence. Successful exploitation could allow an attacker to achieve permanent modification of the underlying operating system.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxgq-6j8m-j2xm",
  "modified": "2022-12-15T15:32:13Z",
  "published": "2022-12-12T15:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-37905"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2022-016.txt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QXJP-W3PJ-48M7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-16 20:13 – Updated: 2026-07-20 21:11
VLAI
Summary
Crawl4AI: AST Sandbox Escape via gi_frame.f_back Chain - Pre-Auth RCE in Docker API
Details

Summary

The _safe_eval_expression() function in the computed fields feature uses an AST validator that only blocks attributes starting with underscore. Python generator and frame object attributes (gi_frame, f_back, f_builtins) do NOT start with underscore, enabling a complete sandbox escape to achieve arbitrary code execution.

The attack requires no authentication (JWT disabled by default) and is triggered via POST /crawl with a crafted extraction schema.

Attack Vector

An attacker sends a POST /crawl request with a JsonCssExtractionStrategy schema containing a malicious computed field expression that: 1. Creates a generator to access gi_frame 2. Walks the frame chain via f_back 3. Reaches f_builtins containing the real __import__ 4. Imports os and executes arbitrary commands

Impact

Unauthenticated remote code execution inside the Docker container. An attacker can execute arbitrary system commands, read/write files, and exfiltrate secrets.

Fix Details

  1. Removed eval() from computed field expression path entirely -- expressions now log a warning and return default value
  2. Deleted _safe_eval_expression() function and _SAFE_EVAL_BUILTINS (dead security-sensitive code)
  3. function key with Python callables still works for SDK users
  4. Replaced eval() in /config/dump with JSON-based input validated by Pydantic
  5. Fixed hook_manager sandbox: stripped __builtins__, __loader__, __spec__ from injected modules; removed getattr, setattr, type, __build_class__ from allowed builtins

Workarounds

  1. Upgrade to the patched version (recommended)
  2. Enable JWT authentication via CRAWL4AI_API_TOKEN environment variable
  3. Restrict network access to the Docker API

Credits

  • Song Binglin (q1uf3ng) - reported the AST sandbox escape
  • by111 (August829) - reported the hook sandbox __builtins__ escape and hardcoded JWT secret bypass
  • jannahopp - PR #1855 proposing eval removal
  • ntohidi - PR #1886 proposing allowlist approach
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.8.6"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "crawl4ai"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.8.7"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-53753"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-913",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-16T20:13:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-23T19:17:07Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThe `_safe_eval_expression()` function in the computed fields feature uses an AST validator that only blocks attributes starting with underscore. Python generator and frame object attributes (`gi_frame`, `f_back`, `f_builtins`) do NOT start with underscore, enabling a complete sandbox escape to achieve arbitrary code execution.\n\nThe attack requires no authentication (JWT disabled by default) and is triggered via `POST /crawl` with a crafted extraction schema.\n\n### Attack Vector\n\nAn attacker sends a `POST /crawl` request with a `JsonCssExtractionStrategy` schema containing a malicious computed field expression that:\n1. Creates a generator to access `gi_frame`\n2. Walks the frame chain via `f_back`\n3. Reaches `f_builtins` containing the real `__import__`\n4. Imports `os` and executes arbitrary commands\n\n### Impact\n\nUnauthenticated remote code execution inside the Docker container. An attacker can execute arbitrary system commands, read/write files, and exfiltrate secrets.\n\n### Fix Details\n\n1. Removed `eval()` from computed field expression path entirely -- expressions now log a warning and return default value\n2. Deleted `_safe_eval_expression()` function and `_SAFE_EVAL_BUILTINS` (dead security-sensitive code)\n3. `function` key with Python callables still works for SDK users\n4. Replaced `eval()` in `/config/dump` with JSON-based input validated by Pydantic\n5. Fixed hook_manager sandbox: stripped `__builtins__`, `__loader__`, `__spec__` from injected modules; removed `getattr`, `setattr`, `type`, `__build_class__` from allowed builtins\n\n### Workarounds\n\n1. Upgrade to the patched version (recommended)\n2. Enable JWT authentication via `CRAWL4AI_API_TOKEN` environment variable\n3. Restrict network access to the Docker API\n\n### Credits\n\n- Song Binglin ([q1uf3ng](https://github.com/q1uf3ng)) - reported the AST sandbox escape\n- by111 ([August829](https://github.com/August829)) - reported the hook sandbox `__builtins__` escape and hardcoded JWT secret bypass\n- [jannahopp](https://github.com/jannahopp) - PR #1855 proposing eval removal\n- [ntohidi](https://github.com/ntohidi) - PR #1886 proposing allowlist approach",
  "id": "GHSA-qxjp-w3pj-48m7",
  "modified": "2026-07-20T21:11:44Z",
  "published": "2026-06-16T20:13:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/security/advisories/GHSA-qxjp-w3pj-48m7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-53753"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/pull/1855"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/pull/1886"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-qxjp-w3pj-48m7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/crawl4ai/PYSEC-2026-319.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pypi.org/project/crawl4ai"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Crawl4AI: AST Sandbox Escape via gi_frame.f_back Chain - Pre-Auth RCE in Docker API"
}

GHSA-QXMM-84J4-P2GC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-09 18:32 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in metalpriceapi MetalpriceAPI allows Code Injection. This issue affects MetalpriceAPI: from n/a through 1.1.4.

Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-48140"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-09T16:15:43Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in metalpriceapi MetalpriceAPI allows Code Injection. This issue affects MetalpriceAPI: from n/a through 1.1.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxmm-84j4-p2gc",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:25Z",
  "published": "2025-06-09T18:32:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48140"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/metalpriceapi/vulnerability/wordpress-metalpriceapi-1-1-4-remote-code-execution-rce-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QXP5-VJRM-298X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-18 09:31 – Updated: 2025-06-24 18:33
VLAI
Details

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF), Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Apache OFBiz.

This issue affects Apache OFBiz: before 18.12.17.

Users are recommended to upgrade to version 18.12.17, which fixes the issue.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-47208"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-918",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-18T09:15:06Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF), Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Apache OFBiz.\n\nThis issue affects Apache OFBiz: before 18.12.17.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 18.12.17, which fixes the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxp5-vjrm-298x",
  "modified": "2025-06-24T18:33:08Z",
  "published": "2024-11-18T09:31:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47208"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/OFBIZ-13158"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/022r19skfofhv3lzql33vowlrvqndh11"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ofbiz.apache.org/download.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ofbiz.apache.org/security.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/11/16/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QXQ8-64VV-45V8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-23 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-23 18:31
VLAI
Details

A missing validation of user input when saving delivery limitations in Revive Adserver 6.0.6 and earlier could allow a low‑privileged user to use the logical parameter to inject malicious PHP code into the compiledlimitations field on the database and have it executed during banner delivery. Input sanitisation has been improved to ensure that the parameter is properly validated.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-34916"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-23T17:16:53Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A missing validation of user input when saving delivery limitations in Revive Adserver 6.0.6 and earlier could allow a low\u2011privileged user to use the logical parameter to inject malicious PHP code into the compiledlimitations field on the database and have it executed during banner delivery. Input sanitisation has been improved to ensure that the parameter is properly validated.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxq8-64vv-45v8",
  "modified": "2026-06-23T18:31:41Z",
  "published": "2026-06-23T18:31:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34916"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3656781"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QXRC-MPFR-XPP8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:04 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:04
VLAI
Details

PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in common.php in E-GADS! before 2.2.7 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the locale parameter.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2007-2521"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2007-05-08T18:19:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in common.php in E-GADS! before 2.2.7 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the locale parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxrc-mpfr-xpp8",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T18:04:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T18:04:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-2521"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/34073"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceforge.net/project/shownotes.php?group_id=88942\u0026release_id=533122"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/3846"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/35773"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/25104"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/23817"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/1665"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-QXRQ-FP7F-QQH5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-12 15:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:31
VLAI
Details

Setting SMS media allows to set GSM modem file. Later this file is used as Linux device. But due everything is a file for Linux, it is possible to set another file, e.g. log file and zabbix_server will try to communicate with it as modem. As a result, log file will be broken with AT commands and small part for log file content will be leaked to UI.

Severity
2.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-22123"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-12T13:38:16Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Setting SMS media allows to set GSM modem file. Later this file is used as Linux device. But due everything is a file for Linux, it is possible to set another file, e.g. log file and zabbix_server will try to communicate with it as modem. As a result, log file will be broken with AT commands and small part for log file content will be leaked to UI.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxrq-fp7f-qqh5",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T00:31:11Z",
  "published": "2024-08-12T15:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22123"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/10/msg00000.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.zabbix.com/browse/ZBX-25013"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QXRX-PHH6-6WRX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:38 – Updated: 2025-04-09 04:08
VLAI
Details

PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in html/admin/modules/plugin_admin.php in HoMaP-CMS 0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the _settings[pluginpath] parameter.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-6740"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-04-21T18:30:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in html/admin/modules/plugin_admin.php in HoMaP-CMS 0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the _settings[pluginpath] parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxrx-phh6-6wrx",
  "modified": "2025-04-09T04:08:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:38:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6740"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/43251"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5902"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/29877"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-QXVX-PJM6-2G2Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:39 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:39
VLAI
Details

A certain ActiveX control in HPTicketMgr.dll in HP Easy Printer Care Software 2.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to download an arbitrary program onto a client machine, and execute this program, via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2011-2404 and CVE-2011-4786.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-4787"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2012-01-12T19:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A certain ActiveX control in HPTicketMgr.dll in HP Easy Printer Care Software 2.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to download an arbitrary program onto a client machine, and execute this program, via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2011-2404 and CVE-2011-4786.",
  "id": "GHSA-qxvx-pjm6-2g2q",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:39:24Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:39:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4787"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2012-01/0078.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-R23H-H8PW-FC6P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-18 00:30 – Updated: 2023-01-18 00:30
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability in the Oracle Communications Converged Application Server product of Oracle Communications (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 7.1.0 and 8.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via UDP to compromise Oracle Communications Converged Application Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Communications Converged Application Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-21890"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-18T00:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Communications Converged Application Server product of Oracle Communications (component: Core).  Supported versions that are affected are 7.1.0 and  8.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via UDP to compromise Oracle Communications Converged Application Server.  Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Communications Converged Application Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
  "id": "GHSA-r23h-h8pw-fc6p",
  "modified": "2023-01-18T00:30:16Z",
  "published": "2023-01-18T00:30:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2023.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
  • Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing

Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-242: Code Injection

An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

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