CWE-116
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
CVE-2026-44972 (GCVE-0-2026-44972)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 14:42 – Updated: 2026-05-27 15:34
VLAI
Title
GuardDog: Unsanitized human-readable scan output allows terminal escape injection from malicious package content
Summary
GuardDog is a CLI tool to identify malicious PyPI packages. From 2.6.0 to 2.9.0, GuardDog includes attacker-controlled filenames, file locations, messages, and code snippets in its default human-readable output without escaping terminal control characters. A malicious package can therefore inject ANSI or OSC escape sequences into analyst terminals or CI logs.
Severity
5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/DataDog/guarddog/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-45375 (GCVE-0-2026-45375)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 18:13 – Updated: 2026-05-16 00:43
VLAI
Title
SiYuan: Bazaar marketplace renders unescaped package `name` and `version` metadata, allowing stored XSS and Electron code execution
Summary
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.0, SiYuan's Bazaar (community marketplace) renders the name and version fields of a package's plugin.json (and the equivalent theme.json / template.json / widget.json / icon.json) into the Settings → Marketplace UI without HTML escaping. The kernel-side helper sanitizePackageDisplayStrings in kernel/bazaar/package.go HTML-escapes only Author, DisplayName, and Description — Name and Version flow through to the renderer raw. The frontend at app/src/config/bazaar.ts substitutes them into HTML template strings via ${item.preferredName} / ${data.name} / v${data.version} and assigns the result to innerHTML. As a consequence, malicious HTML in either field is parsed and executed when a user opens the marketplace tab. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.7.0.
Severity
9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| siyuan-note | siyuan |
Affected:
<= 3.6.5
|
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CVE-2026-45570 (GCVE-0-2026-45570)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 14:59 – Updated: 2026-05-28 15:12
VLAI
Title
go-git: Improper single-quote escaping in go-git SSH transport
Summary
go-git is an extensible git implementation library written in pure Go. Prior to 5.19.1 and 6.0.0-alpha.4, go-git's SSH transport constructs the remote exec command by wrapping the repository path in single quotes without escaping single quotes embedded inside the path. A repository path containing a single quote can therefore break out of the quoted region in the exec command and be appended as additional shell tokens. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.19.1 and 6.0.0-alpha.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/go-git/go-git/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-48209 (GCVE-0-2026-48209)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-01 03:32 – Updated: 2026-06-01 13:19
VLAI
Title
Reflected XSS in authenticated agent context
Summary
An improper neutralization of user-controllable input in OTRS or ((OTRS)) Community Edition ticket handling allows authenticated attackers to perform reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via crafted request parameters associated with ticket actions. By injecting malicious JavaScript into manipulated request URLs, attackers can execute arbitrary script code in the context of an authenticated agent session when the crafted link is opened.
This issue affects OTRS:
* 7.0.x
Please note that ((OTRS)) Community Edition 6.x and before are vulnerable. Products based on the ((OTRS)) Community Edition also very likely to be affected
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OTRS AG | OTRS |
Affected:
7.0.x
|
|
| OTRS AG | ((OTRS)) Community Edition |
Affected:
6.x
|
Date Public
2026-06-01 07:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-48598 (GCVE-0-2026-48598)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-02 19:08 – Updated: 2026-06-04 04:45
VLAI
Title
CRLF injection in Tesla.Multipart disposition parameters allows multipart part header injection
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in elixir-tesla tesla allows multipart part header injection via unescaped Content-Disposition parameter values.
Tesla.Multipart.part_headers_for_disposition/1 interpolates each disposition parameter as #{k}="#{v}" with no validation of CR (\r), LF (\n), or double-quote characters. The values come verbatim from the caller via Tesla.Multipart.add_field/4 (the name parameter), Tesla.Multipart.add_file/3, and Tesla.Multipart.add_file_content/4 (both the filename parameter and other disposition opts). A " in the value closes the quoted parameter early; a \r\n ends the Content-Disposition header line and starts a new part header (such as a forged Content-Type), or, after a second \r\n, ends the entire part header block and prepends bytes to the part body. The default-filename path in add_file/3 derives the filename via Path.basename/1, which does not strip CR or LF, so any application forwarding a partially-attacker-controlled file path inherits the same issue.
This issue affects tesla: from 0.8.0 before 1.18.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla/security/ad… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-48598.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-48598 | related |
| https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla/commit/bb1a… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| elixir-tesla | tesla |
Affected:
0.8.0 , < 1.18.3
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| elixir-tesla | tesla |
Affected:
6ebfdb9abe9c6f119408045b933d82462decd351 , < bb1a2c3da2775924d96e3db8e315dcc4d5d2246e
(git)
cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2026-6058 (GCVE-0-2026-6058)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-21 01:42 – Updated: 2026-04-21 13:26 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
Summary
** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** An improper encoding or escaping vulnerability in the CGI program of Zyxel WRE6505 v2 firmware version V1.00(ABDV.3)C0 could allow an adjacent attacker on the WLAN to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition in the web management interface by convincing an authenticated administrator to visit the “AP Select” page while a malformed SSID is present.
Severity
4.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zyxel | WRE6505 v2 firmware |
Affected:
V1.00(ABDV.3)C0
|
Date Public
2026-04-21 02:00
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CVE-2026-9354 (GCVE-0-2026-9354)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-24 04:15 – Updated: 2026-05-27 17:28
VLAI
Title
NousResearch hermes-agent Slack Agent/Mattermost Agent escape output
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 2026.4.16. The affected element is an unknown function of the component Slack Agent/Mattermost Agent. The manipulation of the argument format_message results in escaping of output. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365317 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/365317/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/812226 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/e90fb38ac03284… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NousResearch | hermes-agent |
Affected:
2026.4.0
Affected: 2026.4.1 Affected: 2026.4.2 Affected: 2026.4.3 Affected: 2026.4.4 Affected: 2026.4.5 Affected: 2026.4.6 Affected: 2026.4.7 Affected: 2026.4.8 Affected: 2026.4.9 Affected: 2026.4.10 Affected: 2026.4.11 Affected: 2026.4.12 Affected: 2026.4.13 Affected: 2026.4.14 Affected: 2026.4.15 Affected: 2026.4.16 cpe:2.3:a:nousresearch:hermes-agent:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"cweId": "CWE-116",
"description": "Escaping of Output",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-74",
"description": "Injection",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-24T04:15:07.598Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-365317 | NousResearch hermes-agent Slack Agent/Mattermost Agent escape output",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365317"
},
{
"name": "VDB-365317 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/365317/cti"
},
{
"name": "Submit #812226 | NousResearch hermes-agent 2026.4.16 Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output (CWE-116)",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/812226"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/e90fb38ac03284176bae49898a3a46a4"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-23T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-23T11:24:56.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "NousResearch hermes-agent Slack Agent/Mattermost Agent escape output"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-9354",
"datePublished": "2026-05-24T04:15:07.598Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-23T09:19:41.024Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-27T17:28:00.312Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation ID: MIT-4.3
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation
Description:
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Phase: Requirements
Description:
- Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.