Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
654 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-73480 (GCVE-0-2026-73480)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 21:07 – Updated: 2026-08-14 19:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
gdu Terminal Injection via Unstripped Escape Sequences
Summary
gdu fails to strip terminal escape sequences from directory and file names when printing paths after TUI exit. Attackers can craft malicious directory or file names containing escape sequences that are interpreted by the terminal, enabling title spoofing, clipboard manipulation, or other terminal-dependent effects.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 19:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/dundee/gdu/issues/615 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/dundee/gdu | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gdu-terminal… | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/dundee/gdu/commit/fe605ecd9ad0… | patch |
Date Public
2026-08-13 00:00
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CVE-2026-73479 (GCVE-0-2026-73479)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 21:17 – Updated: 2026-08-14 16:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
dua-cli Terminal Escape Sequence Injection via Marked Paths
Summary
dua-cli fails to filter terminal escape sequences when printing marked file paths after exiting the TUI interface. Attackers can craft file names containing OSC/CSI escape sequences that are interpreted by the terminal emulator when printed, enabling title spoofing, clipboard manipulation, or other escape-sequence attacks.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 16:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Byron/dua-cli/issues/365 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/Byron/dua-cli | product |
| https://github.com/Byron/dua-cli/commit/b6e7cafd3… | patch |
Date Public
2026-08-13 00:00
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CVE-2026-73417 (GCVE-0-2026-73417)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 22:04 – Updated: 2026-08-14 16:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
JupyterLab: Cross-site scripting (XSS) via crafted settings file (`overrides.json`)
Summary
jupyterlab is an extensible environment for interactive and reproducible computing, based on the Jupyter Notebook Architecture. From 3.3.0 until 4.5.10 and 4.6.2, JupyterLab allows notebook settings to be shared and applied through an overrides.json file using the Import button in the Settings Editor. In packages/notebook-extension/schema/tracker.json and packages/notebook-extension/src/index.ts, the sideBySideLeftMarginOverride and sideBySideRightMarginOverride settings are not properly validated before being inserted into style content, allowing a crafted settings file to contain instructions that execute as code instead of only changing display preferences. A user can import the malicious file, or an attacker with access to a shared settings location can plant an overrides.json that is applied automatically. The embedded code runs with the affected user's access and can read or modify notebooks and files and run code through the notebook server, including on a connected kernel. This issue is fixed in versions 4.5.10 and 4.6.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 16:06 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/19184 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/19185 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/19186 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/commit/9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/commit/b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/commit/f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jupyterlab | jupyterlab |
Affected:
>= 3.3.0, < 4.5.10
Affected: >= 4.6.0, < 4.6.2 |
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CVE-2026-73411 (GCVE-0-2026-73411)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 19:33 – Updated: 2026-08-12 20:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Shescape: Home-directory disclosure in assignment context on Unix with Dash
Summary
Shescape is a simple shell escape library for JavaScript. Prior to 2.1.14 and 3.0.1, getEscapeFunction in src/internal/unix/dash.js fails to escape ~ after : or = when applications use the escape or escapeAll APIs on Unix with shell set to dash, or with shell set to true when Dash is the default, and interpolate the result into an assignment prefixed to a command. An attacker who controls the input can supply a value such as :~ to disclose the home-directory path and may change the location on which the command operates. This issue is fixed in versions 2.1.14 and 3.0.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 20:36 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/pull/2649 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/pull/2651 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ericcornelissen | shescape |
Affected:
< 2.1.14
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.1 |
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CVE-2026-73161 (GCVE-0-2026-73161)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 09:07 – Updated: 2026-08-11 16:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
cti-transmute Conversion Table Allows XSS via Unescaped Cell Content During Search Highlighting
Summary
Affected versions of cti-transmute improperly handle conversion-table values passed through the search highlighting feature. The highlight() function previously returned the underlying text directly when no search query was supplied, or performed a regex replacement that inserted <mark> tags without first escaping the original content. Because the resulting value is used by an HTML-rendering sink, malicious markup contained in conversion data could be interpreted as HTML rather than displayed as text.
The fix introduces a shared highlightMatches() helper that first converts special characters such as <, >, &, and quotes into HTML entities. Only after escaping does the code insert the application-controlled <mark> element used for search highlighting.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 16:50 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/cti-transmute/commit/ac49… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MISP | cti-transmute |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.4.0
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-73157 (GCVE-0-2026-73157)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 08:06 – Updated: 2026-08-11 13:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
cti-transmute Remote MISP Event Browser Allows Cross-Site Scripting via Malicious Event Metadata
Summary
Affected versions of cti-transmute render data obtained from a remote MISP instance into the event-browser interface using HTML interpolation. Because fields such as event IDs, event information, organization names, tags, tag colors, TLP labels, distribution labels, and error/flash text may be controlled by the remote MISP server, a malicious or compromised remote instance could return crafted values that inject HTML or script-capable content into the cti-transmute interface.
The patch explicitly notes that remote-derived values must not reach innerHTML, and replaces string-built rows and badges with DOM nodes populated through textContent. It also restricts remote-controlled tag colors to six-digit hexadecimal values, preventing malicious CSS values such as url(...).
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 13:11 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/cti-transmute/commit/95e6… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MISP | cti-transmute |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.4.0
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-73055 (GCVE-0-2026-73055)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-15 21:44 – Updated: 2026-08-15 21:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Shescape before 2.1.15 Home Directory Disclosure via BusyBox
Summary
Shescape before 2.1.15 (and 3.0.0 before 3.0.2) fails to properly escape tilde (~) characters in assignment contexts on Unix systems where the shell is explicitly configured to "sh" or true and /bin/sh points to BusyBox. Using the escape and escapeAll APIs with untrusted input in an assignment prefixed to a command, an attacker can inject a tilde payload to disclose the user's home directory location and, depending on usage, alter the location on which a command operates.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/secur… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi… | patch |
| https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/shescape-bef… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ericcornelissen | shescape |
Affected:
0 , < 2.1.15
(semver)
Unaffected: 2.1.15 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-08-01 00:00
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CVE-2026-72925 (GCVE-0-2026-72925)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 14:45 – Updated: 2026-08-11 18:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SWC HTML minifier may allow script element breakout when minifying embedded JSON
Summary
SWC is a TypeScript / JavaScript compiler written in Rust. Prior to @swc/html 1.15.47-nightly-20260729.1 and swc_html_minifier 59.0.0, the minifyJson processing in crates/swc_html_minifier/src/lib.rs parsed and serialized attacker-controlled JSON in application/json and application/ld+json script elements without the escape_json_for_html_script behavior to re-escape less-than signs, allowing a closing script sequence to terminate the element early and execute script in the generated page's origin. This issue is fixed in @swc/html 1.15.47-nightly-20260729.1 and swc_html_minifier 59.0.0.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 18:26 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/swc-project/swc/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/swc-project/swc/pull/12080 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/swc-project/swc/commit/e1877b4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/swc-project/swc/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/swc-project/swc/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| swc-project | swc |
Affected:
< 1.15.47
|
|
| @swc | html |
Affected:
< 1.15.47-nightly-20260729.1
|
|
| swc-project | swc_html_minifier |
Affected:
< 59.0.0
|
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CVE-2026-70609 (GCVE-0-2026-70609)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 17:32 – Updated: 2026-08-06 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Electron: DevTools JavaScript Injection via Unsanitized Dock State Parameter
Summary
Electron is a framework for writing cross-platform desktop applications using JavaScript, HTML and CSS. Prior to 39.8.7, 40.9.0, 41.2.0, and 42.0.0-beta.1, the mode option of webContents.openDevTools() was not sanitized before use by the DevTools frontend. If an attacker can influence this value, script under their control may run in the DevTools context, which in unsandboxed configurations has access to Node.js, including when untrusted input reaches the mode argument of openDevTools() or untrusted content calls openDevTools() on a webview it embeds. This issue is fixed in 39.8.7, 40.9.0, 41.2.0, and 42.0.0-beta.1.
Severity
5.7 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
13 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/electron/electron/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/pull/50665 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/pull/50666 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/pull/50667 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/pull/50668 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/commit/04614… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/commit/2046a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/commit/96974… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/commit/efc4d… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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},
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CVE-2026-66486 (GCVE-0-2026-66486)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 10:25 – Updated: 2026-08-10 10:35 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Output Encoding in GNU cpio
Summary
GNU cpio is vulnerable to improper encoding or escaping of output in its archive member listing functionality. When listing archive members via cpio -it, member names are printed directly to output without quoting or escaping. An attacker can craft a cpio archive containing member names with embedded newline characters or ANSI escape sequences, causing forged listing entries or terminal control sequence injection when the listing is displayed.
This issue has been fixed in commit 2ff9600c9ef32e88759843cdbde74c8db5ae9b30
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-10 10:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/08/CVE-2026-66484 | third-party-advisory |
| https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/cpio.git | product |
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"value": "Micha\u0142 Majchrowicz (AFINE Team)"
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"value": "\u003cdiv\u003eGNU cpio is vulnerable to improper encoding or escaping of output in its archive member listing functionality. When listing archive members via cpio -it, member names are printed directly to output without quoting or escaping. An attacker can craft a cpio archive containing member names with embedded newline characters or ANSI escape sequences, causing forged listing entries or terminal control sequence injection when the listing is displayed.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003eThis issue has been fixed in commit 2ff9600c9ef32e88759843cdbde74c8db5ae9b30"
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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.