Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Out-of-bounds Read

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

CVE-2025-32365 (GCVE-0-2025-32365)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-05 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:53
VLAI
Summary
Poppler before 25.04.0 allows crafted input files to trigger out-of-bounds reads in the JBIG2Bitmap::combine function in JBIG2Stream.cc because of a misplaced isOk check.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
freedesktop Poppler Affected: 0 , < 25.04.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32412 (GCVE-0-2025-32412)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-17 20:18 – Updated: 2025-06-17 20:24
VLAI
Title
Fuji Electric Smart Editor Out-of-bounds Read
Summary
Fuji Electric Smart Editor is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds read, which may allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Fuji Electric Smart Editor Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.0.1.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-06-17 17:00
Credits
kimiya working with Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32454 (GCVE-0-2025-32454)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 09:38 – Updated: 2025-06-10 15:17
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in Teamcenter Visualization V14.3 (All versions < V14.3.0.14), Teamcenter Visualization V2312 (All versions < V2312.0010), Teamcenter Visualization V2406 (All versions < V2406.0008), Teamcenter Visualization V2412 (All versions < V2412.0004), Tecnomatix Plant Simulation V2404 (All versions < V2404.0013). The affected applications contain an out of bounds read past the end of an allocated structure while parsing specially crafted WRL files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32460 (GCVE-0-2025-32460)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-09 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-09 19:27
VLAI
Summary
GraphicsMagick before 8e56520 has a heap-based buffer over-read in ReadJXLImage in coders/jxl.c, related to an ImportViewPixelArea call.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GraphicsMagick GraphicsMagick Affected: 0 , < 8e56520435df50f618a03f2721a39a70a515f1cb (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32705 (GCVE-0-2025-32705)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 16:59 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:28
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Outlook Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Microsoft Office Outlook allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2021 Affected: 16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Microsoft Office LTSC 2024 Affected: 16.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-05-13 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32707 (GCVE-0-2025-32707)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 16:59 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:28
VLAI
Title
NTFS Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows NTFS allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21014 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8066 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7314 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27729 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27729 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23279 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23279 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25475 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25475 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22577 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22577 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8066 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8066 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7314 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7314 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-05-13 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32715 (GCVE-0-2025-32715)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-10 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
Title
Remote Desktop Protocol Client Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Remote Desktop Client allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Remote Desktop client for Windows Desktop Affected: 1.2.0.0 , < 1.2.6278.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21034 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows App Client for Windows Desktop Affected: 1.00 , < 2.0.505.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27769 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27769 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25522 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25522 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22620 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22620 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3807 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1665 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
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Date Public
2025-06-10 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32716 (GCVE-0-2025-32716)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-10 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
Title
Windows Media Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Media allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21034 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5965 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5965 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5472 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27769 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27769 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23351 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23351 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25522 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25522 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22620 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22620 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3807 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1665 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-06-10 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32719 (GCVE-0-2025-32719)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-10 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
Title
Windows Storage Management Provider Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Storage Management Provider allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21034 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3807 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1665 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-06-10 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-32720 (GCVE-0-2025-32720)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-10 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
Title
Windows Storage Management Provider Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Storage Management Provider allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1507 Affected: 10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21034 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5965 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 22H3 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
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Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5472 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22620 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) Affected: 6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22620 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8148 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7434 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3807 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1665 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.4349 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-06-10 07:00
Show details on NVD website

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                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2025:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
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                },
                {
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              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2025-06-10T07:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en-US",
          "value": "Out-of-bounds read in Windows Storage Management Provider allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 5.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en-US",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-125",
              "description": "CWE-125: Out-of-bounds Read",
              "lang": "en-US",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-02-20T16:00:39.187Z",
        "orgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
        "shortName": "microsoft"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "Windows Storage Management Provider Information Disclosure Vulnerability",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-32720"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Windows Storage Management Provider Information Disclosure Vulnerability"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
    "assignerShortName": "microsoft",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-32720",
    "datePublished": "2025-06-10T17:02:14.043Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-09T20:06:59.967Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-02-20T16:00:39.187Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Mitigation ID: MIT-5

Phase: Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Description:

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Description:

  • Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.

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